Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Lipids and cardiovascular/metabolic health

The role of dietary fat on the association between dietary amino acids and serum lipid profile in European adolescents participating in the HELENA Study

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 68, pages 464–473 (2014)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

Background/objectives:

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between amino acid (AA) intake and serum lipid profile in European adolescents from eight European cities participating in the cross-sectional (2006–2007) HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) study, and to assess whether this association was independent of total fat intake.

Subjects/methods:

Diet, skinfold thickness, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), TC/HDL-c ratio, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), apolipoprotein B (Apo B), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1) and Apo B/Apo A1 ratio were measured in 454 12.5- to 17.5-year-old adolescents (44% boys). Intake was assessed via two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls. Data on maternal education and sedentary behaviors were obtained via questionnaires. Physical activity was objectively measured by accelerometry.

Results:

Alanine, arginine, asparaginic acid, glycine, histidine, lysine and serine intakes were inversely associated with serum TG concentrations in both boys and girls. Intake of other AA like alanine and/or arginine was also inversely associated with serum TC, LDL-c and Apo B/Apo A1 ratio only in girls. An inverse association was observed between intakes of alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, serine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine and TC/HDL-c ratio among female adolescents. Similar results were found in males for serine and tryptophan intakes. It is noteworthy, however, that associations were no longer significant in both genders when total fat intake was considered as a confounding factor.

Conclusions:

In this sample of adolescents, the association between AA intakes and serum lipid profile did not persist when dietary fat was considered. Therefore, dietary interventions and health promotion activities should focus on fat intake to improve lipid profile and potentially prevent cardiovascular disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). The 10 leading causes of death; 2008 [updated 2013; cited 2013 May 11]. Available from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index.html.

  2. Saland JM . Update on the metabolic syndrome in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007; 19: 183–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Oda H . Functions of sulfur-containing amino acids in lipid metabolism. J Nutr 2006; 136 (6 Suppl), 1666S–1669S.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106: 3143–3421.

  5. Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL . Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 7B–12B.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Nicklas TA, von Duvillard SP, Berenson GS . Tracking of serum lipids and lipoproteins from childhood to dyslipidemia in adults: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Int J Sports Med 2002; 23 (Suppl 1), S39–S43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. van Vught AJ, Heitmann BL, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Veldhorst MA, Brummer RJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS . Association between dietary protein and change in body composition among children (EYHS). Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 684–688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Qin LQ, Xun P, Bujnowski D, Daviglus ML, Van Horn L, Stamler J et al. Higher branched-chain amino acid intake is associated with a lower prevalence of being overweight or obese in middle-aged East Asian and Western adults. J Nutr 2011; 141: 249–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wurtz P, Soininen P, Kangas AJ, Ronnemaa T, Lehtimaki T, Kahonen M et al. Branched-chain and aromatic amino acids are predictors of insulin resistance in young adults. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 648–655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Altorf-van der Kuil W, Engberink MF, De Neve M, van Rooij FJ, Hofman A, van't Veer P et al. Dietary amino acids and the risk of hypertension in a Dutch older population: the Rotterdam Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 403–410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Borsheim E, Bui QU, Tissier S, Cree MG, Ronsen O, Morio B et al. Amino acid supplementation decreases plasma and liver triacylglycerols in elderly. Nutrition 2009; 25: 281–288.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hurson M, Regan MC, Kirk SJ, Wasserkrug HL, Barbul A . Metabolic effects of arginine in a healthy elderly population. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19: 227–230.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Stamler J, Brown IJ, Daviglus ML, Chan Q, Kesteloot H, Ueshima H et al. Glutamic acid, the main dietary amino acid, and blood pressure: the INTERMAP Study (International Collaborative Study of Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Blood Pressure). Circulation 2009; 120: 221–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Siri-Tarino PW, Sun Q, Hu FB, Krauss RM . Saturated fat, carbohydrate, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 502–509.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Mangravite LM, Chiu S, Wojnoonski K, Rawlings RS, Bergeron N, Krauss RM . Changes in atherogenic dyslipidemia induced by carbohydrate restriction in men are dependent on dietary protein source. J Nutr 2011; 141: 2180–2185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Moreno LA, Gonzalez-Gross M, Kersting M, Molnar D, de Henauw S, Beghin L et al. Assessing, understanding and modifying nutritional status, eating habits and physical activity in European adolescents: the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. Public Health Nutr 2008; 11: 288–299.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Moreno LA, De Henauw S, Gonzalez-Gross M, Kersting M, Molnar D, Gottrand F et al. Design and implementation of the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32 (Suppl 5), S4–S11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Beghin L, Castera M, Manios Y, Gilbert CC, Kersting M, De Henauw S et al. Quality assurance of ethical issues and regulatory aspects relating to good clinical practices in the HELENA Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32 (Suppl 5), S12–S18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rey-Lopez JP, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Verloigne M, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Gracia-Marco L et al. Reliability and validity of a screen time-based sedentary behaviour questionnaire for adolescents: the HELENA study. Eur J Public Health 2012; 22: 373–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Martinez-Gomez D, Labayen I, Moreno LA, De Bourdeaudhuij I et al. Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174: 173–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ekelund U, Sardinha LB, Anderssen SA, Harro M, Franks PW, Brage S et al. Associations between objectively assessed physical activity and indicators of body fatness in 9- to 10-y-old European children: a population-based study from 4 distinct regions in Europe (the European Youth Heart Study). Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80: 584–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Vereecken CA, Covents M, Sichert-Hellert W, Alvira JM, Le Donne C, De Henauw S et al. Development and evaluation of a self-administered computerized 24-h dietary recall method for adolescents in Europe. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32 (Suppl 5), S26–S34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Dehne LI, Klemm C, Henseler G, Hermann-Kunz E . The german food code and Nutrient Data Base (BLS II.2). Eur J Epidemiol 1999; 15: 355–359.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Harttig U, Haubrock J, Knuppel S, Boeing H . The MSM program: web-based statistics package for estimating usual dietary intake using the Multiple Source Method. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 65 (Suppl 1), S87–S91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Nagy E, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Manios Y, Beghin L, Iliescu C, Censi L et al. Harmonization process and reliability assessment of anthropometric measurements in a multicenter study in adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32 (Suppl 5), S58–S65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Gonzalez-Gross M, Breidenassel C, Gomez-Martinez S, Ferrari M, Beghin L, Spinneker A et al. Sampling and processing of fresh blood samples within a European multicenter nutritional study: evaluation of biomarker stability during transport and storage. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008; 32 (Suppl 5), S66–S75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Krzysciak W . Activity of selected aromatic amino acids in biological systems. Acta Biochim Pol 2011; 58: 461–466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Elshorbagy AK, Valdivia-Garcia M, Graham IM, Palma Reis R, Sales Luis A, Smith AD et al. The association of fasting plasma sulfur-containing compounds with BMI, serum lipids and apolipoproteins. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22: 1031–1038.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Olofsson SO, Wiklund O, Boren J . Apolipoproteins A-I and B: biosynthesis, role in the development of atherosclerosis and targets for intervention against cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007; 3: 491–502.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 1876–1885.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. van Vught AJ, Heitmann BL, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Veldhorst MA, Andersen LB, Hasselstrom H et al. Association between intake of dietary protein and 3-year-change in body growth among normal and overweight 6-year-old boys and girls (CoSCIS). Public Health Nutr 2010; 13: 647–653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. McKnight JR, Satterfield MC, Jobgen WS, Smith SB, Spencer TE, Meininger CJ et al. Beneficial effects of L-arginine on reducing obesity: potential mechanisms and important implications for human health. Amino Acids 2010; 39: 349–357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. van Vught AJ, Nieuwenhuizen AG, Brummer RJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS . Effects of oral ingestion of amino acids and proteins on the somatotropic axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93: 584–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Cowell CT, Briody J, Lloyd-Jones S, Smith C, Moore B, Howman-Giles R . Fat distribution in children and adolescents—the influence of sex and hormones. Horm Res 1997; 48 (Suppl 5), 93–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Taylor RW, Jones IE, Williams SM, Goulding A . Body fat percentages measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry corresponding to recently recommended body mass index cutoffs for overweight and obesity in children and adolescents aged 3-18 y. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 1416–1421.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Appel LJ, Sacks FM, Carey VJ, Obarzanek E, Swain JF, Miller 3rd ER et al. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 2455–2464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Clifton P . Effects of a high protein diet on body weight and comorbidities associated with obesity. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 (Suppl 2), S122–S129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD (eds). The Dietary References Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Niinikoski H, Pahkala K, Ala-Korpela M, Viikari J, Ronnemaa T, Lagstrom H et al. Effect of repeated dietary counseling on serum lipoproteins from infancy to adulthood. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e704–e713.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE et al. Dietary saturated fats and their food sources in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 1001–1008.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Bernstein AM, Sun Q, Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Willett WC . Major dietary protein sources and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 2010; 122: 876–883.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Fernández-Ballart JD, Pinol JL, Zazpe I, Corella D, Carrasco P, Toledo E et al. Relative validity of a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in an elderly Mediterranean population of Spain. Br J Nutr 2010; 103: 1808–1816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Thompson F, Subar A . Dietary Assessment Methodology. In: Coulston A, Boushey C, (eds). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease 2nd edn. Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 2008, pp 3–39.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Vereecken CA, Inchley J, Subramanian SV, Hublet A, Maes L . The relative influence of individual and contextual socio-economic status on consumption of fruit and soft drinks among adolescents in Europe. Eur J Public Health 2005; 15: 224–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH . Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ 2000; 320: 1240–1243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We gratefully acknowledge all participating children and adolescents, and their parents and teachers for their collaboration. The writing group takes sole responsibility for the content of this article. The content of this article reflects the views of the authors only, and the European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. The HELENA study was carried out with financial support of the European Community Sixth RTD Framework Programme (Contract FOOD-CT-2005-007034). This analysis was also supported by the Aragón’s Regional Government (SBS), by a grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (JCI 2010-07055, AP 2008-03806) and by the European Regional Development Fund (MICINN-FEDER). We thank Petra Pickert and Anke Carstensen for their contribution to laboratory work.

Author information

Author notes

  1. S Bel-Serrat, T Mouratidou, I Huybrechts, M Cuenca-García, Y Manios, S Gómez-Martínez, D Molnár, A Kafatos, F Gottrand, K Widhalm, M Sjöström, A Wästlund, P Stehle, E Azzini, K Vyncke, M González-Gross and L A Moreno: See appendix.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiatry and Nursery, ’Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development’ (GENUD) Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain

    S Bel-Serrat, T Mouratidou & L A Moreno

  2. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    I Huybrechts & K Vyncke

  3. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Dietary Exposure Assessment Group (DEX), Lyon, France

    I Huybrechts

  4. Department of Physiology, Medicine School, Granada University, Granada, Spain

    M Cuenca-García

  5. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece

    Y Manios

  6. Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Immunonutrition Research Group, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain

    S Gómez-Martínez

  7. Department of Pediatrics, University of Pécs, Pécs-József, Hungary

    D Molnár

  8. Department of Social Medicine, Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Unit, University of Crete School of Medicine, Heraklion, Greece

    A Kafatos

  9. Inserm U995, Faculty of Medicine, University Lille 2, Lille, France

    F Gottrand

  10. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Nutrition and Prevention, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    K Widhalm

  11. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden

    M Sjöström & A Wästlund

  12. Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften – Humanernährung, Rheinische Friedich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany

    P Stehle

  13. National Research Institute for Food and Nutrition, INRAN, Rome, Italy

    E Azzini

  14. Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium

    K Vyncke

  15. Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento Humano, ImFine Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    M González-Gross

  16. CIBER: CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain

    M González-Gross

Authors
  1. S Bel-Serrat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T Mouratidou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. I Huybrechts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M Cuenca-García
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Y Manios
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S Gómez-Martínez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. D Molnár
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. A Kafatos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. F Gottrand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. K Widhalm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. M Sjöström
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. A Wästlund
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. P Stehle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. E Azzini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. K Vyncke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. M González-Gross
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. L A Moreno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

on behalf of the HELENA Study Group

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S Bel-Serrat.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Appendix

Appendix

*HELENA Study Group

Coordinator: LA Moreno.

Core Group members: LA Moreno, F Gottrand, S De Henauw, M González-Gross, C Gilbert.

Steering Committee: A Kafatos (President), LA Moreno, C Libersa, S De Henauw, J Sánchez, F Gottrand, M Kersting, M Sjöstrom, D Molnár, M González-Gross, J Dallongeville, C Gilbert, G Hall, L Maes, L Scalfi.

Project Manager: P Meléndez.

1. Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain)

LA Moreno, J Fleta, JA Casajús, G Rodríguez, C Tomás, MI Mesana, G Vicente-Rodríguez, A Villarroya, CM Gil, I Ara, J Revenga, C Lachen, J Fernández-Alvira, G Bueno, A Lázaro, O Bueno, JF León, JMa Garagorri, M Bueno, JP Rey López, I Iglesia, P Velasco, S Bel-Serrat, L Gracia-Marco, T Mouratidou.

2. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain)

A Marcos, J Wärnberg, E Nova, S Gómez-Martínez, E Ligia Díaz, J Romeo, A Veses, M Angeles Puertollano, B Zapatera, T Pozo.

3. Université de Lille 2 (France)

L Beghin, C Libersa, F Gottrand, C Iliescu, J Von Berlepsch.

4. Research Institute of Child Nutrition Dortmund, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn (Germany)

M Kersting, W Sichert-Hellert, E Koeppen.

5. Pécsi Tudományegyetem (University of Pécs) (Hungary)

D Molnar, E Erhardt, K Csernus, K Török, S Bokor, Mrs. Angster, E Nagy, O Kovács, J Répasi.

6. University of Crete School of Medicine (Greece)

A Kafatos, C Codrington, M Plada, A Papadaki, K Sarri, A Viskadourou, C Hatzis, M Kiriakakis, G Tsibinos, C Vardavas, M Sbokos, E Protoyeraki, M Fasoulaki.

7. Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften – Ernährungphysiologie. Rheinische Friedrich Wilhelms Universität (Germany)

P Stehle, K Pietrzik, M González-Gross, C Breidenassel, A Spinneker, J Al-Tahan, M Segoviano, A Berchtold, C Bierschbach, E Blatzheim, A Schuch, P Pickert.

8. University of Granada (Spain)

MJ Castillo, A Gutiérrez, FB Ortega, JR Ruiz, EG Artero, V España, D Jiménez-Pavón, P Chillón, C Sánchez-Muñoz, M Cuenca-García.

9. Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione (Italy)

D Arcella, E Azzini, E Barrison, N Bevilacqua, P Buonocore, G Catasta, L Censi, D Ciarapica, P D’Acapito, M Ferrari, M Galfo, C Le Donne, C Leclercq, G Maiani, B Mauro, L Mistura, A Pasquali, R Piccinelli, A Polito, R Spada, S Sette, M Zaccaria.

10. University of Napoli ‘Federico II’ Dept of Food Science (Italy)

L Scalfi, P Vitaglione, C Montagnese.

11. Ghent University (Belgium)

I De Bourdeaudhuij, S De Henauw, T De Vriendt, L Maes, C Matthys, C Vereecken, M de Maeyer, C Ottevaere, I Huybrechts.

12. Medical University of Vienna (Austria)

K Widhalm, K Phillipp, S Dietrich, B Kubelka, M Boriss-Riedl.

13. Harokopio University (Greece)

Y Manios, E Grammatikaki, Z Bouloubasi, T Louisa Cook, S Eleutheriou, O Consta, G Moschonis, I Katsaroli, G Kraniou, S Papoutsou, D Keke, I Petraki, E Bellou, S Tanagra, K Kallianoti, D Argyropoulou, K Kondaki, S Tsikrika, C Karaiskos.

14. Institut Pasteur de Lille (France)

J Dallongeville, A Meirhaeghe.

15. Karolinska Institutet (Sweden)

M Sjöström, J Ruiz, FB Ortega, M Hagströmer, L Hallström, E Patterson, L Kwak, J Wärnberg, N Rizzo, A Hurtig Wennlöf.

16. Asociación de Investigación de la Industria Agroalimentaria (Spain)

J Sánchez-Molero, E Picó, M Navarro, B Viadel, JE Carreres, G Merino, R Sanjuán, M Lorente, MJ Sánchez, S Castelló.

17. Campden BRI (United Kingdom)

C Gilbert, S Thomas, E Allchurch, P Burguess.

18. SIK—Institutet foer Livsmedel och Bioteknik (Sweden)

G Hall, A Astrom, A Sverkén, A Broberg.

19. Meurice Recherche and Development asbl (Belgium)

A Masson, C Lehoux, P Brabant, P Pate, L Fontaine.

20. Campden and Chorleywood Food Development Institute (Hungary)

A Sebok, T Kuti, A Hegyi.

21. Productos Aditivos SA (Spain)

C Maldonado, A Llorente.

22. Cárnicas Serrano SL (Spain)

E García.

23. Cederroth International AB (Sweden)

H von Fircks, M Lilja Hallberg, M Messerer

24. Lantmännen Food R&D (Sweden)

M Larsson, H Fredriksson, V Adamsson, I Börjesson.

25. European Food Information Council (Belgium)

L Fernández, L Smillie, J Wills.

26. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (Spain)

M González-Gross, J Valtueña, U Albers, R Pedrero-Chamizo, A Meléndez, PJ Benito, D Cañada, D Jiménez-Pavón, A Urzanqui, G Palacios, JC Ortiz, F Fuentes, JJ Gómez Lorente, R Mardía Torres, P Navarro.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bel-Serrat, S., Mouratidou, T., Huybrechts, I. et al. The role of dietary fat on the association between dietary amino acids and serum lipid profile in European adolescents participating in the HELENA Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 68, 464–473 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.284

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.284

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links