Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$29.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 51 print issues and online access
$199.00 per year
only $3.90 per issue
Rent or buy this article
Prices vary by article type
from$1.95
to$39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Nature 597, 318-324 (2021)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-02483-w
Updates & Corrections
-
Correction 22 October 2021: An earlier version of this feature implied that an alteration to the spike sequence to improve protective immunity was a contribution specific to coronavirus vaccines. In fact, such protein tweaks can be applied to many viral vaccines. The story has also been updated to include mention of mRNA vaccine experiments in early patent filings.
References
Malone, R. W., Felgner, P. L. & Verma, I. M. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86, 6077–6081 (1989).
Malone, R. W. Focus 11, 61–66 (1989).
Dimitriadis, G. J. Nature 274, 923–924 (1978).
Ostro, M. J., Giacomoni, D., Lavelle, D., Paxton, W. & Dray, S. Nature 274, 921–923 (1978).
Melton, D. A. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 7035–7056 (1984).
Krieg, P. A. & Melton, D. A. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 7057–7070 (1984).
Wolff, J. A. et al. Science 247, 1465–1468 (1990).
Martinon, F. et al. Eur. J. Immunol. 23, 1719–1722 (1993).
Jirikowski, G. F., Sanna, P. P., Maciejewski-Lenoir, D. & Bloom, F. E. Science 255, 996–998 (1992).
Conry, R. M. et al. Cancer Res. 55, 1397–1400 (1995).
Boczkowski, D., Nair, S. K., Snyder, D. & Gilboa, E. J. Exp. Med. 184, 465–472 (1996).
Hoerr, I., Obst, R., Rammensee, H. G. & Jung, G. Eur. J. Immunol. 30, 1–7 (2000).
Probst, J. et al. Gene Ther. 14, 1175–1180 (2007).
Karikó, K., Kuo, A., Barnathan, E. S. & Langer, D. J. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1369, 320–334 (1998).
Karikó, K., Kuo, A. & Barnathan, E. Gene Ther. 6, 1092–1100 (1999).
Karikó, K., Ni, H., Capodici, J., Lamphier, M. & Weissman, D. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 12542–12550 (2004).
Karikó, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H. & Weissman, D. Immunity 23, 165–175 (2005).
Warren, L. et al. Cell Stem Cell 7, 618–630 (2010).
Aldrich, C. et al. Vaccine 39, 1310–1318 (2021).
Kremsner, P. G. et al. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-021-01922-y (2021).
Jeffs, L. B. et al. Pharm. Res. 22, 362–372 (2005).
Geall, A. J. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 109, 14604–14609 (2012)