Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

What the data say about police brutality and racial bias — and which reforms might work

Access options

Rent or buy this article

Prices vary by article type

from$1.95

to$39.95

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Nature 583, 22-24 (2020)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-01846-z

Updates & Corrections

  • Update 26 May 2021: On 20 April 2021, Derek Chauvin was convicted of causing the death of George Floyd. The text has been modified to include updated information on how long Chauvin knelt on Floyd’s neck.

References

  1. Edwards, F., Hedwig, L. & Esposito, M. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 16793-16798 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Nix, J., Campbell, B. A., Byers, E. H. & Alpert, G. P. Criminol. Public Policy 16, 309–340 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Knox, D., Lowe, W. & Mummolo, J. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000039 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoekstra, M. & Sloan, C. W. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 26774 (2020).

  5. Goff, P. A. & Rau, H. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 687, 67–88 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ridgeway, G. Stat. Public Policy 3, 1–6 (2016).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhao, L. & Papachristos, A. V. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 687, 89–112 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dharmapala, D., McAdams, R. H. & Rappaport, J. University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper No. 831 (2018).

  9. Grunwald, B. & Rappaport, J. Yale Law J. 129, 6 (2020).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Baude, W. 106 California Law Review 45; University of Chicago, Public Law Working Paper No. 610 (2018).

  11. Stephens, D. W. Officer Involved Shootings: Incident Executive Summary (National Police Foundation, 2019).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Jennings, J. T. & Rubado, M. E. Public Adm. Rev. 77, 217–226 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ariel, B., Farrar, W. A. & Sutherland, A. J. Quant. Criminol. 31, 509–535 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Braga, A., Coldren, J. R., Sousa, W., Rodriguez, D. & Alper, O. The Benefits of Body-Worn Cameras: New Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department (National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wood, G., Tyler T. R., Papachristos, A. V. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 9815–9821 (2020).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. O’Brien, T. C., Meares, T. L. & Tyler, T. R. Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci. 687, 202–215 (2020).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Sherman, L. W. Annu. Rev. Criminol. 1, 421–449 (2018).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Del Toro, J. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 116, 8261–8268 (2019).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Subjects

Latest on:

Nature Careers

Jobs

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing

Search

Quick links