Abstract
The nuclei assembled from exogenous DNA or chromatin in egg extracts resemble their in vivo counterparts in many aspects. However, the distribution pattern of DNA in these nuclei remains unknown. We introduced rDNA from the macronuclei of Tetrahymena into Xenopus cell-free extracts to examine the association of specific DNA sequences with nuclear matrix (NM) in the nuclei assembled in vitro. Our previous works showed the 5′NTS (non-transcription sequences) of the rDNA specifically bind to the NM system in the macronuclei. We show now the rDNA could induce chromatin assembly and nuclear formation in Xenopus cell-free system. When we extracted the NM system and compared the binding affinity of different regions of rDNA with the NM system, we found that the 5′NTS still hold their binding affinity with insoluble structure of the assembled nuclei in the extracts of Xenopus eggs.
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Introduction
Early research found that after the removal of DNA and high-salt extraction of chromosomal from mouse liver nuclei, some residual insoluble proteins remained and assumed to constitute a skeleton, to which DNA is fixed. Later the term “nuclear matrix (NM)” was introduced, and the idea that the involvement of nuclear matrix in the spatial organization of eukaryotic genome steadily gained support1. As well as others, our previous work also demonstrated that specific DNA regions have binding affinity to the nuclear matrix, and this kind of binding is essential for many other important biological activities, such as DNA replication and RNA transcription2, 3.
As early as 1959, Sze et al. microinjected exogenous DNA into amphibian eggs, and found the formation of chromatin and nuclear like structure around the added DNA4. In 1980s, Lohka, Masui and Newport et al found that nuclear-like structure could form from exogenous protein-free DNA or chromatin incubated in the extract from Xenopus eggs5, 6. Since then, many research works have demonstrated the extracts from Xenopus eggs is a useful cell-free system in the study of nucleus. The assembled nuclei resemble eukaryotic nuclei in vivo in many aspects, such as DNA replication, protein transportation through nuclear pore complexes. The formation of nucleosomes and chromatin structure was also reported in previous works3, 7, 8. However the distribution pattern of DNA in these nuclei remains unknown. Cai showed there exists a nuclear matrix system in the in vitro assembled nucleus9. So we wonder if this nuclear matrix contributes to the distribution of chromatin in the reassembled nucleus, and to the regulation of transcription and replication.
Therefore, we chose the rDNA of macronuclei from Tetrahymena shanghaiensis as exogenous DNA to induce nuclear assembly in Xenopus egg extracts and studied its distribution pattern in the assembled nuclei. T. shanghaiensis ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is a fairly small (21kb), linear chromosome, which is a good model template for the study of chromosomal elements. The association of ribosomal gene with insoluble residual structure in vivo had been reported in several studies10, 11. And further study also demonstrated that the non transcribed spacers(NTS) flanking the coding region serve as anchorage sites for the whole ribosomal gene transcription unit in rat12. Luo et al also demonstrated that the 5′-NTS and telomere of rDNA of T. shanghaiensis have high association affinity with the NM system in the macronuclei of T. shanghaiensis13. These works provided us good opportunity to compare the rDNA distribution pattern in in vitro assembled nuclei with that in vivo.
Here we report the association of rDNA of T. shanghaiensis with the assembled nuclear matrix in the cell-free system. The association affinity of different regions of rDNA was also compared. We found that the region of the rDNA binding to the residual insoluble structure of the assembled nuclei in the extract of Xenopus eggs was localized in the 5′-NTS flanking the transcriptional region.
Materials and Methods
Cell culture and rDNA extracts and purification
Cell culture
Tetrahymena shanghaiensis so. nor. was provided by late Prof. Yuezhen CHEN14, College of Life Sciences of Peking University. They were cultured in 2% PPYS: 2% Protease peptone (Oxoid), 0.5% yeast extracts (Oxoid), 0.1% glucose. Ordinary experimental culture is immersed in a water bath at 27 °C with gentle shaking (150 rpm).
rDNA isolation and purification
The rDNA was isolated and purified with the method established by T. Cech15. Cells were harvested from 250 ml cultures by centrifugation at 1000 g for 8 min, and washed in 50 ml washing buffer (0.75 M NaCl, 0.1 M EDTA, pH 7.5) by resuspending and pelleting at 1000 g for 10 min. The cells were resuspened in 1-2 ml washing buffer, then mixed with 15 ml phenol-m-cresol solution at 60 °C for 5 min with gentle shaking, then 4-5 ml chloroform was added while shaking for another 3 min at 60 °C. The mixture was centrifuged at 23,000 g for 30 min at 20 °C. The supernatant was extracted with phenol: chloroform and DNA was precipitated with ethanol.
The nuclear acids were dissolved in 1 ml TE (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1mM EDTA, pH 8.0) containing RNAase (20 μg/ml), then the DNA can be purified with electroelution in dialysis bag.
Preparation of probes
In our experiments, different Hind III digested fragments of rDNA were used as probes for in situ hybridization and dot hybridization. Most of rDNA recombined together in pBR322 as plasmid pRD4-I (Fig 1). The plasmid was gift from Prof. E. Blackburn (UCSF). pRd4-1 was digested with endonuclease Hind III, after electrophoresis, rRNA gene fragments (4.2kb, 2.2/2.1kb and 1.6kb) were recovered and labeled with ll-biotin-dATP or 32P-dCTP by random primer labelling.
Nuclear reconstitution in cell-free system
Xenopus egg extracts were prepared by the method of Zhang et al7. Xenopus eggs were dejellied with 2% cysteine (pH 7.8), rinsed twice in MMR (0.1M NaCl, 2.0 mM KCl, 1.0 mM MgSO4, 2.0 mM CaCl2, 5.0 mM Hepes, and 0.1 mM EDTA, pH 7.8), activated by 0.2 μg/ml Ca2+ ionophore A23187 (Sigma) in MMR, then lysed by centrifugation twice at 10,000 g for 15 min, and got the cytosol as nuclear reconstitution extracts.
8μg rDNA was mixed with 200 μl extracts and ATP-regenerating system (2 mM ATP, 20 mM phosphocreatine and 50 μg/ml creatin kinase), and incubated at 22 °C. About 3-4 h after the incubation, the assembled nuclei were observed.
Electron microscopy
Epon 812 embedment section
After incubation, the samples were fixed in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde, postfixed with 2 % osmium tetra oxide (OSO4) buffered with 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) and embedded in Epon812.
Epon-embedded ultra thin sections were cut (50-60 nm) and picked up on carbon formvar coated grids.
LK4M low temperature embedment section and electron microscopy in situ hybridization
The LK4M low temperature embedding samples was fixed in freshly prepared 3% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4), containing 0.1% glutaraldehyde and 4% sucrose, for 4 h at 4 °C . After four washes each for 15 min at 4 °C in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer containing 4% sucrose embedded in lowicryl K4M.
Electron microscopy in situ hybridization was carried out using method of Jiao et al16 Lowicryl K4M-embedded ultra thin sections were cut (50-60 nm) and picked up on carbon formvar-coated nickle grids. After denaturation and prehybridization, sections were hybridized by float the grids on one drop of hybridization buffer (50% formamide, 2 × SSC, 0.3% each of Ficoll, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (pvp), and BSA, 100 μg/μl sheared salmon sperm DNA, and 1 μg/ml of the probe) for 9-10 h at 37 °C . After hybridization, the grid was stained with antibodies, and air dried.
For denaturation the probe and other nucleic acid components were boiled for 2 min and immediately cooled to 0 °C where they were kept until use. For control identical treatment with identical reagents was provided except that non-biotinylated pRD4-1 DNA was used instead of a biotinylated probe.
All above grids were stained with 2% aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate, then examined with JEM100CX.
Preparation of nuclear matrix associated DNA and supernatant DNA Extraction of nuclear matrix
Nuclear matrix was prepared according to Cai et al. with some modification9. The assembled nuclei were extracted in cytoskeleton buffer (CSK: 100 mM KCl, 300 mM sucrose, 100 mM PIPES, pH 6.8, 3 mM MgCl2, 1.2 mM PMSF, 0.5% Triton X-100) for 5 min. Soluble proteins were removed by centrifugation at 600 g for 5 min, and the pellets were extracted in RSB-Magik (42.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 8.5 mM NaCl, 2.6 mM MgCl2, 1.2 mM PMSF, 1%(v/v) Tween 40, 0.5% sodium desoxycholate) for 5 min and pelleted as before. The remnant pellet was resuspended in digestion buffer (the same as CSK buffer except with 50 mM NaCl instead of KCl). Then ammonium sulfate was added to a final concentration of 0.25 M. After incubation for 5 min the sample was then centrifuged at 1000 g for 5 min.
Preparation of nuclear matrix-associated DNA and supernatant DNA
The remnant pellets obtained after treatment with ammonium sulfate were resuspended in digestion buffer, and digested with 20 μg/ml Hind III at 37 °C for 4 h. Nuclear matrix and supernatant were obtained by centrifugation at 4000 g for 5 min after digestion. The pellets (nuclear matrix) were resuspended in proteinase K buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.8, 0.05 M EDTA, 0.5 % SDS), and digested with proteinase K (50 μg/ml) at 55 °C for 5 h. The supernatant DNA and nuclear matrix-associated DNA were obtained by extraction with phenol: chloroform and precipitation in alcohol.
Southern transfer and molecular hybridization
For dot hybridization, we denatured the DNA samples at 95 °C for 5 min followed by added 4 volumes of 20 × SSC (SSC: 3 M NaCl, 0.3 M sodium citrate, pH 7.0), and dotted them onto nitrocellulose (NC) filter according to the standard method.
For the southern analysis of plasmid DNA (pRD4-1 was digested by Hind III), run in 0.7 % argose gel and transferred onto the NC filter.
The supernatant DNA and the nuclear matrix associated DNA were labeled with 32p-dCTP by random primer labeling and used as probe.
Hybridization was performed by the standard protocol.
Results
Nuclear assembly with purified rDNA form Tetrahymena macronuclei
rDNA was isolated and purified by the method established by T. Cech with modification15. The rRNA genes (rDNA) in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena are linear, extrachromosomal molecules containing about 21,000 bp of DNA with a palindromic sequences symmetry. Here we showed the gel electrophoresis of rDNA BamH I restriction map (Fig 2).
After incubated in Xenopus egg extracts, the rDNA could induce the formation of nuclear like structure (Fig 4). Nuclear reconstitution occurred in steps and the ultrastructure of the assembled nuclei was similiar to that induced by other exogenous DNA or chromatin previously reported (Fig 3)6.
Analysis of the DNA components in the assembled nuclei
DAPI staining showed after 3 h incubation most rDNA had assembled into nuclei (Fig 5, insert or inset). We further visualized the rDNA molecular in the nuclei at high resolution using nonisotopic electronmicroscopy in situ hybridization. After hybridization, the biotinylated hybrids were detected by anti-biotin antibodies in consort with the second antibody conjugated with colloidal gold (10 nm in diameter). The gold particles observed were mainly distributed in the nuclear-like structure as shown in Fig 5, indicating that the assembled nuclei contained rDNA molecules.
rDNA is associated with nuclear matrix of assembled nuclear
Wang et a1.(1994) showed that even after excessive digestion with DNAase I (50 μg/ml) for 6 h, there still 9% of total DNA left binding to nuclear matrix2. They proposed that that DNA contain some specific regions that are closely associated with nuclear matrix. As mentioned before, Cai proved that there is a nuclear matrix filament network in the nuclei induced by exogenous DNA in the Xenopus egg extracts. We wonder if the exogenous DNA also has some parts that may have some specific binding affinity with the nuclear matrix in Xenopus cell-free system. The NM system was isolated from the nuclei assembled from rDNA, then excessively digested by DNase I to get residual DNA. Dot hybridization with pRD4-1 containing rDNA showed the residual DNA in the NM was consisted of rDNA (Fig 6).
Comparison of the binding affinity of different regions of rDNA with the NM system
Is the association of rDNA with nuclear matrix random or specific? The NM system was isolated and, digested with Hind III for 3-4 h at 37 °C to get nuclear matrix associated DNA (NM DNA) and supernatant DNA (SN DNA). Same amount of both DNA was labeled by 32P-dCTP and used as probes in Southern blotting with fragments of pRd4-1 digested by Hind III respectively (Fig 7). Fig 7 showed the fragments containing 5′NTS reacted with NM DNA positively, while the fragments containing the coding region and 3′NTS were rich in SN DNA. These results suggested that the 5′NTS was closely associated with nuclear matrix, while the transcriptional region and 3′NTS had no relation to the nuclear matrix.
Discussion
In the 5′NTS of each T. shanghaiensis rDNA molecule, there are three kinds conserved repetitive sequence named as type I-III sequences respectively17. Many previous works have shown that those repetitive sequences are the components of replication origin or transcription promoter and involve in the initiation of transcription or control of replication18, 19. Further analysis of these sequences showed that they are highly AT rich and have DNAase I sensitive sites. These characteristics of the regions in 5′NTS suggest that they may have binding affinity with nuclear matrix and may play important roles in chromatin organization and control of gene replication and transcription. But very little is known about this DNA-protein interaction in the 5′NTS. Do the proteins involve in transcription and replication interacts with these regions in transient manner, or set up some stable DNA-protein interaction at these regions to help the organization of chromatin and nuclei and serve as recognition sites for transcription or replication factors?
Previous works have shown that embryonic development in Xenopus laevis starts with a period of rapid cleavage without observable RNA transcription20. We found that nucleoli (indication of rRNA gene transcription) could not form even after active NOR (nucleoli organizer) was introduced into Xenopus egg extracts because of rRNA transcription inhibition21. Many workers have also shown that no specific sequences are needed for inducing nuclear assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. Unlike the replication in yeast which needs specific sequence such as ARS-containing sequences for DNA replication, the replication in assembled nuclei induced by exogenous DNA in Xenopus eggs extract can occur without specific sequence22. Here we show that although no specific sequence of DNA is needed for inducing the reconstruction of nuclei in Xenopus egg extracts or DNA replication in the assembled nuclei, and no transcription occurs in those nuclei, some specific sequences in rDNA 5′NTS still hold their binding affinity to some non-histone proteins of nuclear matrix in the reassembled nuclei. So we propose that they are some stable DNA-protein interactions. They are related with the DNA sequence, the DNA structure and some nuclear matrix proteins, nomatter whether or not the nuclei are in replication or transcription. But during replication and transcription, those bindings can help to control the frequency of replication and enhance the initiation of transcription. The details of the interactions between DNA and proteins, such as which proteins and the defined specific sequences are involved in and their roles in chromosome organization and nuclei formation, are what we want to know in our future work.
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Acknowledgements
1. This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Sciences Foundatrion.
2. We are grateful to Ms. Jinhua LIANG for help in preparing experimental materials.
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Chen, Y., Zhang, B., Li, X. et al. Association of DNA with nuclear matrix in in vitro assembled nuclei induced by rDNA from Tetrahymena shanghaiensis in Xenopus egg extracts. Cell Res 7, 107–117 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.1997.12
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.1997.12