Main
Sir,
Each sector of the lateral geniculate body corresponds with a sector of visual field.1 A lesion of the lateral geniculate body can produce a wedge-shaped visual field defect, which is called sectoranopia. The territory of the lateral choroidal artery covers a horizontal area. Visual field defects are commonly demonstrated by conventional Goldmann perimetry and automated perimetry.2,3 We examined a woman with homonymous horizontal sectoranopia with a new method, blue-on-yellow perimetry. The lesion she had was thought to be in the lateral geniculate body.
Case report
A 49-year-old woman experienced sudden left haemianopia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated no lesion on that day. After 1 month, the MRI heavily T2 weighted image (black and white reverse image) demonstrated low intensity around the lateral geniculate body (Figure 1). The patient came to our department for an examination of the visual pathway after a second MRI was performed. Both fundi appeared normal, and intraocular pressure was within normal limits in both eyes. She had visual acuity of 1.5 bilaterally. Upper quadrantanopia of the inner isopter in the left eye and normal visual field in the right eye by Goldmann manual perimetry. The Humphrey field analyzer (Model 750, Humphrey-Carl Zeiss, Dublin, CA, USA) white-on-white perimetry program central 30-2 (76 points at 6° grid within a 30° visual field) showed left bilateral scotomas in the patient's left visual field at an eccentricity of about 10° and just superior to the horizontal midline in both eyes (Figure 2a). Humphrey white-on-white perimetry program central 10-2 (68 points within a 10° visual field) showed an additional small scotoma just superior (3°) to fixation on the left side of the vertical midline (Figure 2b). A blue-on-yellow perimetry program central 24-2 (54 points at 6° grid within a 30° visual field) revealed left typical incongruous homonymous horizontal sectoranopia (Figure 2c). After 1 month, blue-on-yellow perimetry produced the same results. The patient was diagnosed as having an infarction of the right lateral geniculate body, based on her sectoranopia and clinical course. The pattern of visual field defects was an infarction of the territory of the lateral choroidal artery.
Comment
Blue-on-yellow perimetry has been developed to detect early glaucomatous visual field loss.4,5 Initial glaucomatous damage is correlated with blue cone-mediated retinal ganglion cells. Blue cones are sparsely spread on the retina. If these few retinal ganglion cells are damaged, redundancy is small. The visual field loss seen on blue-on-yellow perimetry is larger than that on white-on-white perimetry. The same mechanism is thought to occur in the optic pathway behind the optic nerve. Another possible mechanism for this damage is selective retinal ganglion cell loss. Koniocellular cells in the lateral geniculate body are thought to correlate with blue-on-yellow pathway6 and could be selectively damaged in the described patients. It is difficult to see selective loss in the layer of the lateral geniculate body on MRI. Another mechanism for this damage might simply be characterized by different scaling factors between perimetries in the Humphrey software. Keltner and Johnson7 reported on one patient with haemianopia using blue-on-yellow perimetry. We also described a patient with quadrantanopia due to a lesion in Meyer's loop using blue-on-yellow perimetry.8
Conversely, the results of white-on-white perimetry also have been important to demonstrate a sign of a lesion of the lateral geniculate body. Haemianopic isolate scotomas on the horizontal line due to a lesion in the lateral geniculate body have not been reported, however, to our knowledge. The area of infarction might be small or the degree of infarction might be slight. Program central 10-2 more clearly depicted the left homonymous visual field defects centrally than did the central 30-2 program.
Blue-on-yellow perimetry tended to show abnormalities in the upper field.9 Our patient seemed to exhibit quadrantanopia on a grey scale Figure 2c, upper), but horizontal sectoranopia was observed on total and pattern deviation maps (Figure 2c, lower). An upper field defect on a grey scale of blue-on-yellow perimetry also has been found in normal subjects.
When an MRI study reveals a lesion in the optic pathway, blue-on-yellow perimetry would be useful to show the visual field defects reflecting the lesion that cannot be found by conventional white-on-white perimetry.
References
Shacklett RH, O’Connor RS, Dorwart RH, Linn D, Carter JE . Congruous and incongruous sectoral visual field defects with lesions of the lateral geniculate nucleus. Am J Ophthalmol 1984; 98: 283–290.
Borruat FX, Maeder P . Sectoranopia after head trauma: evidence of lateral geniculate body lesion on MRI. Neurology 1995; 45: 590–592.
Luco C, Hoppe A, Schweitzer M, Vicuna X, Fantin A . Visual field defects in vascular lesions of the lateral geniculate body. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1992; 55: 12–15.
Sample PA, Weinreb RN . Color perimetry for assessment of primary open-angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31: 1869–1875.
Sample PA, Weinreb RN . Progressive color visual field loss in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992; 33: 2068–2071.
White AJ, Wilder HD, Goodchild AK, Sefton AJ, Martin PR . Segregation of receptive field properties in the lateral geniculate nucleus of a New-World monkey, the marmoset Callithrix jacchus. J Neurophysiol 1998; 80: 2063–2076.
Keltner JL, Johnson CA . Short-wavelength automated perimetry in neuro-ophthalmologic disorders. Arch Ophthalmol 1995; 113: 475–481.
Fujimoto N, Adachi-Usami E . Use of blue-on-yellow perimetry to demonstrate quadrantanopia in multiple sclerosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 828–829.
Sample PA, Irak I, Martinez GA, Yamagishi N . Asymmetries in the normal short-wavelength visual field: implications of short-wavelength automated perimetry. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124: 46–52.
Acknowledgements
The editing assistance of Ms Maxine Gere is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan (No. 13671822 and 14770942), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Declaration of any proprietary interest: none.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fujimoto, N., Kubota, M., Saeki, N. et al. Use of blue-on-yellow perimetry for detection of sectoranopia. Eye 18, 338–341 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6700665
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.eye.6700665