Observing distant galaxies is always problematic. But when it comes to the biggest star-forming galaxies, far across the Universe, only indirect approaches can give astronomers any handle at all.
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Cowie, L. Wrestling monsters in deep space. Nature 422, 670–671 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/422670a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/422670a
