Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis of over 30 case-control studies of association between schizophrenia and a bi-allelic, BalI polymorphism in exon 1 of the dopamine D3 receptor gene. We observed a significant excess of both forms of homozygote in patients (P = 0.0009, odds ratio (OR) = 1.21, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.07–1.35) in the combined sample of 5351 individuals. No significant heterogeneity was detected between samples and the effects did not appear to be the product of publishing bias. In addition we undertook an independent, family-based association study of this polymorphism in 57 parent/proband trios, taken from unrelated European multiplex families segregating schizophrenia. A transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) showed a significant excess of homozygotes in schizophrenic patients (P = 0.004, odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.35–5.86). Although no significant allelic association was observed, a significant association was detected with the 1–1 genotype alone (P = 0.02, OR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.13–4.99). In addition when the results of the family-based association study were included in the meta-analysis, the homozygosity effect increased in significance (P = 0.0002, OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.09–1.38). The results of the meta-analysis and family-based association study provide independent support for a relationship between schizophrenia and homozygosity at the BalI polymorphism of the D3 receptor gene, or between a locus in linkage disequilibrium with it.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Williams, J., Spurlock, G., Holmans, P. et al. A meta-analysis and transmission disequilibrium study of association between the dopamine D3 receptor gene and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 3, 141–149 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000376
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000376
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
A single nucleotide polymorphism-based formula to predict the risk of propofol TCI concentration being over 4 µg mL−1 at the time of loss of consciousness
The Pharmacogenomics Journal (2022)
-
No association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine receptor D3 gene and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of family-based association studies
BMC Medical Genetics (2020)
-
Effect of dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphisms and clozapine treatment response: exploratory analysis of nine polymorphisms and meta-analysis of the Ser9Gly variant
The Pharmacogenomics Journal (2010)
-
Endosomal location of dopamine receptors in neuronal cell cytoplasm
Journal of Molecular Histology (2007)
-
The molecular genetics of schizophrenia: new findings promise new insights
Molecular Psychiatry (2004)