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Severe chemical ozone loss in the Arctic during the winter of 1995–96

Nature volume 389, pages 709–712 (1997)Cite this article

Abstract

Severe stratospheric ozone depletion is the result of perturbations of chlorine chemistry owing to the presence of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during periods of limited exchange of air between the polar vortex and midlatitudes and partial exposure of the vortex to sunlight1,2,3,4. These conditions are consistently encountered over Antarctica during the austral spring. In the Arctic, extensive PSC formation occurs only during the coldest winters, when temperatures fall as low as those regularly found in the Antarctic1,5,6. Moreover, ozone levels in late winter and early spring are significantly higher than in the corresponding austral season1,7,8, and usually strongly perturbed by atmospheric dynamics9,10,11,12. For these reasons, chemical ozone loss in the Arctic is difficult to quantify. Here we use the correlation between CH4 and O3 in the Arctic polar vortex to discriminate between changes in ozone concentration due to chemical and dynamical effects10. Our results indicate that 120–160 Dobson units (DU) of ozone were chemically destroyed between January and March 1996—a loss greater than observed in Antarctica in 1985, when the ‘ozone hole’ was first reported13,14. This loss outweighs the expected increase in total ozone over the same period through dynamical effects, leading to an observed6 net decrease of about 50 DU. This ozone loss arises through the simultaneous occurrence of extremely low Arctic stratospheric temperatures6,15 and large stratospheric chlorine loadings. Comparable depletion is likely to recur because stratospheric cooling16,17 and elevated chlorine concentrations5,18 are expected to persist for several decades.

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Figure 1: The relationship between CH4 volume mixing ratios and those of O3 (top panel) and HCl (bottom panel) in the stratosphere inside the Arctic polar vortex for the winter of 1995–96.
Figure 2: Vertical profiles of ozone mixing ratios (red symbols) measured by HALOE inside the polar vortex in March 1996 (top panel) and early April 1996 (bottom panel).

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Acknowledgements

We thank all members of the HALOE data processing team for their work in producing a quality data set; R. Salawitch for a review of the manuscript; G. Manney and M. Santee for comments; L. L. Gordley for information on HALOE data versions; B. Naujokat for discussions about the meteorological situation in the winter 1995–96; and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts and the UK Meteorological Office for providing meteorological analyses. This work was supported in part by the German Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute for Stratospheric Chemistry (ICG-1), Jülich, 52425, Germany

    Rolf Müller, Jens-Uwe Grooβ & Daniel S. McKenna

  2. Max Planck Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, Mainz, 55020, Germany

    Paul J. Crutzen & Christoph Bürhl

  3. Department of Physics, Hampton University, Hampton, 23658, Virginia, USA

    James M. Russell III

  4. Alfred Wegener Institut, Telegrafenberg A 43, Potsdam, 14473, Germany

    Hartwig Gernandt

  5. NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory, 325 Broadway, Boulder, 80303-3328, Colorado, USA

    Adrian F. Tuck

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Correspondence to Rolf Müller.

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Müller, R., Crutzen, P., Grooβ, JU. et al. Severe chemical ozone loss in the Arctic during the winter of 1995–96. Nature 389, 709–712 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/39564

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