Abstract
A subset of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB-MNCs) differentiate into endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) that participate in postnatal neovascularization. Although tissue ischemia can mobilize EPCs from bone marrow, the effects of hypoxia on differentiation and angiogenic function of EPCs are little known. We examined whether hypoxic conditioning would modulate differentiation and function of human PB-MNC-derived EPCs. A subset of PB-MNCs gave rise to EPC-like attaching (AT) cells under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. However, hypoxia much enhanced the differentiation of AT cells from PB-MNCs compared with normoxia. AT cells released vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein and expressed CD31 and kinase insert domain receptor/VEGFR-2, endothelial lineage markers, on their surface, which were also enhanced by hypoxia. Both a neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb and a KDR-specific receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU1498, suppressed PB-MNC differentiation into EPC-like AT cells in a dose-dependent manner. Migration of AT cells in response to VEGF as examined by a modified Boyden chamber apparatus was also enhanced by hypoxia. Finally, in vivo neovascularization efficacy was significantly enhanced by in vitro hypoxic conditioning of AT cells when cells were transplanted into the ischemic hindlimb of immunodeficient nude rats. In conclusion, hypoxia directly stimulated differentiation of EPC-like AT cells from human PB-MNC culture. Moreover, hypoxic preconditioning of AT cells before in vivo transplantation is a useful means to enhance therapeutic vasculogenesis.
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Introduction
Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels by sprouting of preexisting mature endothelial cells (ECs) (Carmeliet, 2000; Folkman, 1995; Risau, 1997). In contrast, vasculogenesis is referred to as the creation of primordial blood vessels from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) or angioblasts (Risau, 1995, 1997). Neovascular formation in adults has been considered to result exclusively from the former process (ie, angiogenesis). However, we and other researchers recently identified EPCs in adult human peripheral blood, and EPCs have been shown to accumulate at active angiogenic foci and to participate in neovascularization, a notion consistent with “postnatal vasculogenesis” (Asahara et al, 1997, 1999; Lin et al, 2000; Murohara et al, 2000; Vasa et al, 2001).
EPCs in adults are believed to mobilize from bone marrow (BM) (Asahara et al, 1999; Gunsilius et al, 2000; Takahashi et al, 1999), but EPCs can also differentiate from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB-MNCs) during culture in vitro (Asahara et al, 1997). The latter finding suggests that EPCs first leave BM, and then more mature EPCs may differentiate in situ at periphery in response to local angiogenic stimuli. One can hypothesize that a subset of circulating PB-MNCs home to vessels located in active angiogenic foci (eg, ischemic tissues), and these cells may differentiate into EC lineage cells in situ.
Although tissue ischemia (hypoxia) is well known to mobilize EPCs from BM (Shintani et al, 2001a; Takahashi et al, 1999), it is little known as to whether differentiation of EPCs from PB-MNCs can be stimulated by local hypoxic condition and whether angiogenic functions of EPCs are enhanced by hypoxia. Accordingly, we examined whether hypoxia itself would influence the differentiation of human PB-MNCs into EPCs during culture and whether angiogenic properties of EPCs would be enhanced under hypoxic conditions. We also explored potential mechanism(s) by which differentiation and functions of EPCs are modulated by hypoxic conditioning.
Results
Differentiation of Adult Human PB-MNCs into EPC-Like Attaching Cells During Culture
Under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions, human PB-MNCs formed a number of cell clusters during culture in the presence of EC growth supplements on gelatin-coated plastic plates. EPC-like attaching (AT) cells then differentiated and sprouted from the cell clusters. AT cells showed limited (<5% cells) expression of CD45, a common leukocyte antigen, but expressed CD31 and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) (Fig. 1A), endothelial-specific lineage markers. Furthermore, more than 70% of AT cells on Day 7 of culture took up DiI-acLDL (Fig. 1A). Thus, AT cells acquired multiple EC-like characteristics, and thus we defined the AT cells as a major population of EPCs (EPC-like AT cells).
Hypoxia Augmented the EPC Differentiation from Human PB-MNCs
When culture plates were exposed to hypoxia for 7 days, more cell clusters and EPC-like AT cells developed from hypoxic PB-MNCs than from normoxic PB-MNCs (Fig. 1B). On both Day 5 and day 7 of culture, the numbers of cell clusters and EPC-like AT cells were 1.5-fold (p < 0.001) and 2-fold (p < 0.001) greater in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group, respectively (Fig. 1C).
Hypoxia Augmented the Expression of CD31 and KDR/VEGFR-2 on EPC-Like AT Cells
We next examined the expression of EC lineage markers on EPC-like AT cells using flow cytometry. Immediately after isolation of PB-MNCs, only a small number of PB-MNCs expressed KDR (<1%) and CD31 (<5%), respectively. On Day 7 of culture, the percentage of KDR- or CD31-positive AT cells was significantly increased and was greater in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group (p < 0.05, hypoxia versus normoxia) (Fig. 2).
Hypoxia Augmented the VEGF Release from PB-MNCs
Immunocytochemical examination revealed that EPCs expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein in both normoxia-conditioned EPCs and hypoxia-conditioned EPCs (Fig. 3A). Intracellularly produced VEGF can be secreted from intact cells because VEGF has a hydrophobic leader sequence on its amino terminus (Leung et al, 1989). We therefore examined the effects of hypoxia on the VEGF production from cultured human PB-MNCs. The concentration of VEGF in culture media on Day 7 was significantly greater in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group (308 ± 90 versus 253 ± 79 pg/mL, p < 0.05) (Fig. 3B). Thus, hypoxia significantly augmented VEGF production and release from PB-MNCs in culture during EPC differentiation.
VEGF Plays an Important Autocrine Role in the Differentiation of Human PB-MNCs into EPCs
We examined the effects of exogenous rhVEGF protein (10 ng/mL) on the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs. VEGF significantly enhanced the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs in vitro (Fig. 4A). To elucidate the role of autocrine VEGF released from PB-MNCs on their self differentiation into EPC-like AT cells, we examined the effects of the neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, and the KDR-specific receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, SU1498, on differentiation of EPCs from PB-MNC. All of these agents potently inhibited the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs as judged by the number of differentiated EPC-like AT cells. Importantly, the neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb and SU1498 significantly suppressed the differentiation of AT cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 4).
Hypoxia Enhanced Migratory Function of EPCs in Response to VEGF
We examined whether migration of EPCs, an essential early step in the process of vasculogenesis, is enhanced under the hypoxic condition. Boyden-chamber experiments revealed that a greater number of hypoxia-conditioned EPCs migrated in response to rhVEGF (10 ng/mL) compared with normoxia-conditioned EPCs (Fig. 5).
Cell Transplantation-Mediated Neovascularization is Enhanced by Hypoxic Preconditioning of EPC-Like AT Cells before in vivo Transplantation
Finally, we examined whether hypoxia-preconditioned ECP-like AT cells had a greater efficacy on in vivo neovascularization compared with normoxia-conditioned AT cells by employing a nude-rat model of unilateral hindlimb ischemia. Green fluorescence-labeled transplanted EPCs participated in capillary formation in the ischemic hindlimb tissues (Fig. 6A). Next, serial laser Doppler blood flow (LDBF) analyses revealed that the ischemic/normal hindlimb LDBF ratio was significantly greater in both the hypoxia-conditioned EPC and normoxia-conditioned EPC transplantation groups as compared with the saline-injected control group (Fig. 6, B and C). Moreover, the recovery of the ischemic/normal hindlimb LDBF ratio was greater in the hypoxia-conditioned EPC-transplanted group than in the normoxia-conditioned EPC-transplanted group. Thus, (a) transplantation of EPC-like AT cells functionally contributed to therapeutic neovascularization in ischemic tissues in vivo, and (b) the efficacy for neovascularization was significantly enhanced by hypoxic preconditioning of EPCs before transplantation.
Discussion
The present study demonstrated that hypoxia directly enhanced the differentiation of human PB-MNCs into EPCs in vitro, and that EPCs cultured under hypoxic conditions exhibited greater angiogenic properties. Namely, EPCs exposed to hypoxic conditions showed an enhanced migratory activity in vitro and greater angiogenic efficacy after they were transplanted into the ischemic hindlimb of immunodeficient nude rats.
We previously showed that a subset of human PB-MNCs differentiated into EPCs during culture and that the number of circulating EPCs increased after acute tissue ischemia in humans (Shintani et al, 2001a). However, the direct effects of hypoxia on differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs and their angiogenic properties were little known. In the present study, the number of EPCs derived from a fixed amount of human PB-MNC culture (5000 cells/mm2) was significantly larger in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group. Moreover, a greater number of hypoxia-conditioned EPCs expressed EC-lineage markers, CD31 and KDR, as compared with normoxia-conditioned EPCs. These results suggest that hypoxia enhanced the differentiation of human PB-MNCs into EPCs during culture for 7 days.
We next examined the potential mechanisms by which hypoxia enhanced PB-MNC differentiation into EPCs. MNCs and ECs have been shown to produce and release VEGF, a potent angiogenic cytokine (Hojo et al, 2000; Namiki et al, 1995). In the present study, immunocytochemical staining revealed that PB-MNCs and EPCs expressed VEGF protein. The intracellularly produced VEGF can be secreted from intact cells (Leung et al, 1989). On Day 7 of culture, the VEGF concentration in culture medium of EPCs was significantly higher in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group. This finding is in agreement with previous reports showing that the VEGF gene promoter contains a hypoxia-responsive element, and that hypoxia enhances VEGF gene expression and VEGF protein secretion (Shweiki et al, 1992). Because VEGF is an important molecule for the differentiation and maturation of ECs (Millauer et al, 1993), the VEGF secreted from PB-MNCs during culture may play an important role in differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs by an autocrine mechanism. Consistently exogenous VEGF administration significantly enhanced the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs in the present study. Thus, hypoxia-induced VEGF secretion may at least in part account for the enhanced differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs under hypoxia.
To further clarify the above issue, we tested the effects of the neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb and tyrosine kinase inhibitors on differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs. VEGF elicits the angiogenic function in ECs mainly through the receptor tyrosine kinase KDR/Flk-1. That is, VEGF induces EC proliferation and increases vascular permeability mainly via the KDR/Flk-1 (Kanno et al, 2000; Millauer et al, 1993; Murohara et al, 1998b). In the present study, the neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, and the KDR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU1498 all inhibited the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs. In particular, the neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb and SU1498 suppressed the PB-MNC differentiation into EPCs in a dose-dependent manner. These findings clearly suggest that the autocrine VEGF released from PB-MNCs, and the VEGF signaling through the KDR receptor tyrosine kinase on EPC play important roles in the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs.
Another interesting finding of the present study was that hypoxia enhanced the angiogenic properties of EPCs. First, the migration of EPCs in response to VEGF was significantly greater in the hypoxia-conditioned EPC group than in the normoxia-conditioned EPC group. This finding is relevant because EC migration is an early essential step for the process of neovascularization (Carmeliet, 2000; Folkman, 1995). Second, and more importantly, hypoxia-conditioned EPCs elicited greater angiogenic properties than normoxia-conditioned EPCs after they were transplanted into the ischemic hindlimb of immunodeficient nude rats (ie, therapeutic vasculogenesis by EPC transplantation). Thus, hypoxia enhanced not only the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs in vitro but also the angiogenic activities of EPCs in vivo.
There may be several possible explanations for the enhancement of the in vivo angiogenic properties of EPC-like AT cells by hypoxic preconditioning. First, the release of VEGF from EPCs might be greater in the hypoxia group than in the normoxia group. The VEGF gene promoter contains the hypoxia-responsive element that reacts with transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and VEGF transcription is enhanced. The augmented release of VEGF may at least in part account for the enhanced angiogenic efficacy with hypoxia-conditioned EPCs. Second, KDR and CD31 expression on EPC-like AT cells was enhanced by hypoxia. Because VEGF stimulates EC migration and angiogenesis mainly through KDR (Kanno et al, 2000; Millauer et al, 1993), the increased KDR expression observed under hypoxic condition may also account for the enhanced angiogenic properties of hypoxia-conditioned EPCs. Our data are consistent with those of a study by Brogi et al (1996) who reported that hypoxia stimulated KDR expression on ECs. Interestingly, a recent study showed that the VEGF-KDR signaling pathway also induces KDR expression as a positive feedback mechanism (Shen et al, 1998). Thus, augmented autocrine VEGF release might have enhanced the expression of KDR on EPCs (Brogi et al, 1996; Shen et al, 1998). Taken together, the enhancement of VEGF release and KDR expression on EPCs by hypoxic conditioning may explain the greater pro-angiogenic properties of hypoxia-conditioned EPCs.
Clinical Implications
Therapeutic angiogenesis is an effective strategy to rescue ischemic tissues in patients with critical limb ischemia (Isner and Asahara, 1999, Tateishi-Yuyama et al, 2002). We and other investigators recently reported that transplantation of culture-expanded human EPCs augmented ischemia-induced angiogenesis in vivo (Kalka et al, 2000; Murohara et al, 2000). Similarly, direct implantation of autologous BM-MNCs containing EPCs has been shown to augment angiogenesis in ischemic tissues (Shintani et al, 2001b, Tateishi-Yuyama et al, 2002). Thus, cell transplantation appears to be an effective means for therapeutic neovascularization. However, its angiogenic efficacy is sometimes limited because of a shortage of transplantable autologous EPCs or BM-MNCs. The present findings may provide one possible clue to overcoming this issue. Namely, in vitro hypoxic preconditioning of culture-expanded EPCs or BM-MNCs before in vivo transplantation may enhance the angiogenic efficacy of these cells, which may eventually compensate for the shortage of EPCs or BM cells.
In summary, hypoxia directly enhanced the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs. Moreover, hypoxia-conditioned EPCs exhibited greater angiogenic properties compared with normoxia-conditioned EPCs. Our findings raise the new concept that hypoxia not only mobilizes EPCs from BM but also promotes in situ differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs within local ischemic tissues. Finally, in vitro hypoxic preconditioning of EPCs or BM-MNCs before transplantation may be a potentially useful strategy to increase the efficacy of cell-mediated therapeutic neovascularization (ie, cell therapy).
Materials and Methods
Peripheral Blood Samples
Peripheral venous blood samples (200 mL each) were obtained from 38 healthy male volunteers (mean age = 31) who were taking no medications. Each sample was collected into a sterile pack containing citrate-dextrose solution as the anticoagulant (SC-200; Terumo, Tokyo, Japan), and was used within 6 hours. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects, and the protocol was approved by our institutional review board.
Mononuclear Cell Isolation and Culture
MNCs were isolated from peripheral blood by centrifugation through a Histopaque-1077 (Sigma, St. Louis, Missouri) density gradient (Asahara et al, 1997; Murohara et al, 2000). Cells were cultured in Medium-199 supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), bovine pituitary extract (as EC growth supplements), heparin (100 μg/mL), and antibiotics (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, California; basal EC medium). MNCs were cultured on gelatin-coated (Sigma) 6-well plastic plates at a density of 5000 cells/mm2.
MNCs obtained from each donor were cultured in two 6-well plastic plates. One plate was placed in a standard incubator under 95% air and 5% CO2 (normoxia group), and the other was placed in a hypoxic chamber. To expose cells to hypoxia, an anoxic gas mixture (95% N2 and 5% CO2) was infused into the hypoxic chamber for 10 minutes at a rate of 3 L/min (Brogi et al, 1996; Murohara et al, 1999). The chamber was then placed in an incubator maintained at 37° C. The anoxic gas mixture was replaced everyday. The pO2 of the culture medium reached a nadir of 35 mm Hg after a single anoxic gas infusion, whereas the pO2 of the cell culture in the normoxic incubator was maintained at around 150 mm Hg (Murohara et al, 1999).
Identification of EPCs
During culture of PB-MNCs under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions, numerous cell clusters as well as spindle-shaped and AT cells appeared. AT cells with endothelial features (EPC-like AT cells) were characterized by the incorporation of DiI-labeled acetylated LDL and Ulex lectin binding (Asahara et al, 1997). The cell clusters and EPC-like AT cells were counted under light microscopy on Day 7 of culture. Five randomly selected microscopic fields in each well were examined, and the mean number of cell clusters and EPC-like AT cells (per field) was calculated and compared between the normoxic and hypoxic groups.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Cell Surface Markers
Using flow cytometry, EPC differentiation was evaluated on the basis of the expression of KDR (VEGFR-2) and CD31, two EC-specific markers (DeLisser et al, 1997; Garlanda et al, 1997; Yamaguchi et al, 1993). First, fresh PB-MNCs were subjected to flow cytometric analysis. Second, after PB-MNCs were cultured under either normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 7 days, the medium was removed, and AT cells were washed with PBS. The cells were incubated with PBS containing 1 mmol/L EDTA (pH 7.4) for 20 minutes at 37° C, and the detached cells were collected into plastic tubes. After centrifugation at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes, the cells were resuspended in PBS containing 2% BSA. Suspended AT cells were subjected to flow cytometric analysis.
Aliquots of the cell suspension were stained with primary mAbs directed against the extracellular domain of KDR (Sigma) and CD31 (BD Pharmingen, San Diego, California). After washing the cells with PBS twice, they were incubated with anti-mouse IgG Ab conjugated with FITC as the secondary Ab. Stained cells were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde in PBS (pH 7.5) and immediately analyzed by flow cytometry (Beckton-Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, New Jersey).
Measurement of VEGF Protein in the Cell Culture Medium
VEGF protein in cell-culture medium was measured using a commercially available VEGF sandwich immunoassay kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota) according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Shintani et al, 2001a). The assay system has no cross-reactivity with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), or epidermal growth factor (EGF). The coefficient of variation of interassay determinations was between 6.2 and 8.8%
Role of Autocrine VEGF in EPC Differentiation
Human MNCs produce and secrete VEGF protein (Hojo et al, 2000), which could modulate the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs through an autocrine mechanism (Risau, 1995). We examined the role of VEGF released from PB-MNCs on the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs. For this purpose, we tested the effects of a neutralizing anti-VEGF mAb (50, 100, and 500 ng/mL, R&D Systems) (Tsurumi et al, 1997), a nonspecific tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (100 μmol/L, Sigma), and a specific KDR-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU1498 (1 and 10 μmol/L, Calbiochem, San Diego, California) (Shen et al, 1999) on the differentiation of PB-MNCs into EPCs. The effects of the mAb and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the number of cell clusters and of EPC-like AT cells were examined. The effect of mouse IgG (500 ng/mL, Sigma) on EPC differentiation was also evaluated as a control for the anti-VEGF mAb-treatment.
EPC Migration Assay
EPC migration was analyzed using a modified Boyden chamber apparatus (Neuroprobe, Gaithersburg, Maryland) (Murohara et al, 1999). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-free polycarbonate filters with multiple pores (8 μm in diameter) were coated with 0.1% gelatin and 50 μg/mL fibronectin and were dried under air for 6 hours. Culture medium (25 μL) supplemented with 1% FBS and rhVEGF (10 ng/mL) was placed in the lower chamber of the apparatus. EPCs were isolated from culture plates from the normoxic and hypoxic groups. After a coated PVP-free polycarbonate filter was placed between the lower and upper chambers, 5 × 105 EPCs suspended in 50 μL of Medium-199 containing 1% FBS without VEGF were seeded in the upper chamber. The whole apparatus was then incubated for 5 hours at 37° C in a humidified incubator with 95% air and 5% CO2 to render EPCs able to migrate through the membrane. After the incubation period, the filter was removed, and nonmigrated EPCs on the upper side of the filter were scraped-off with a rubber. The filters were then fixed with methanol for 10 minutes and stained with Giemsa solution. Migrated EPCs attached to the lower side of the filter were counted in three randomly selected microscopic fields (×100) in each chamber, and the average number of migrated cells were calculated. All experiments were performed in triplicate, and data were expressed as the number of migrated cells/field.
in vivo Angiogenesis Model: Induction of Neovascularization by EPC Transplantation in a Rat Model of Unilateral Hindlimb Ischemia
In a previous study, we showed that transplanted human EPCs participated in postnatal neovascularization in a rat model of surgically induced hindlimb ischemia. In addition, transplantation of EPCs augmented ischemia-induced neovascularization (Murohara et al, 2000). In the present study, we first examined whether transplanted EPCs participated in capillary formation in the ischemic hindlimb tissue of immunodeficient nude rats. For transplantation of human EPCs, immunodeficient (F344/N rnu/rnu) nude rats (Clea Japan, Pennington, New Jersey) were used to avoid graft-versus-host reactions. Male nude rats (n = 8) were anesthetized with an sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, ip), after which the left femoral artery and vein were excised to induce limb ischemia. Rats then received fluorescence-labeled (PKH2-GL, Sigma) EPCs (3 × 105 cells/rat) intramuscularly at the ischemic thigh skeletal muscles using a 26-gauge needle. Two weeks after the surgery and cell transplantation, animals were killed with overdose of pentobarbital. Ischemic skeletal muscle samples were isolated, embedded, and snap-frozen in OCT compound (Tissue-Tek, Bayer Corporation, New Haven, Connecticut). Six micrometer multiple frozen sections were prepared from each specimen so that the muscle fibers were oriented in a transverse fashion. Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect transplanted EPCs with fluorescence incorporated into the ischemic tissue.
We next examined whether hypoxia-conditioned EPCs elicit a greater angiogenic efficiency as compared with normoxia-conditioned EPCs when they were transplanted into ischemic tissues. Male nude rats (n = 17) were subjected to unilateral hindlimb ischemia by resecting the left femoral artery and vein under anesthesia with sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg, ip). On Day 3 of hindlimb ischemia, rats were injected with either normoxia-conditioned EPCs (n = 5), hypoxia-conditioned EPCs (n = 5) (2 × 105 cells/animal), or saline (as a control, n = 7) in the ischemic thigh adductor muscle area. Regional hindlimb blood flow was evaluated by LDBF and compared among the three groups for the subsequent 3 weeks as mentioned below. Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Laser Doppler Blood Flowmetry
We measured the ratio of the ischemic (left)/normal (right) hindlimb blood flow using an LDBF analyzer (Moor Instruments, Devon, United Kingdom) (Murohara et al, 1998a). Low to no flow is displayed as dark blue, whereas high flow is displayed as red to white. Before initiating laser scanning, rats were placed for 15 minutes on a heating plate kept at 37° C to minimize body temperature changes. After scanning them, the stored images were subjected to computer-assisted quantification of blood flow, and the average flow of the ischemic and nonischemic feet was calculated. The LDBF value was then expressed as the ratio of left (ischemic) to right (nonischemic) limb blood flow to avoid data variations caused by ambient light and room temperature. The ischemic/normal LDBF ratio was compared among the 3 groups.
Statistics
Data are expressed as mean ± se. Differences between the normoxic and hypoxic groups were analyzed by paired Student’s t test. In a series of in vivo animal experiments, differences among the three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Scheffe’s comparison between any two groups. Differences with a p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
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Acknowledgements
We thank K. Kimura and K. Moriyama for technical assistance.
Supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, the Kimura Foundation, and the Japan Heart Foundation.
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Akita, T., Murohara, T., Ikeda, H. et al. Hypoxic Preconditioning Augments Efficacy of Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells for Therapeutic Neovascularization. Lab Invest 83, 65–73 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.LAB.0000050761.67879.E4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.LAB.0000050761.67879.E4
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Stem Cell Research & Therapy (2015)
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Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells in treating rats with IgA nephropathy
BMC Nephrology (2014)