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Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds

Nature volume 390, pages 594–596 (1997)Cite this article

Abstract

The ‘indirect’ radiative cooling of climate due to the role of anthropogenic aerosols in cloud droplet formation processes (which affect cloud albedo) is potentially large, up to −1.5 W m−2 (ref. 1). It is important to be able to determine the number concentration of cloud droplets to within a few per cent, as radiative forcing as a result of clouds is very sensitive to changes in this quantity2, but empirical approaches are problematic3,4,5. The initial growth of a subset of particles known as cloud condensation nuclei and their subsequent ‘activation’ to form droplets are generally calculated with the assumption that cloud droplet activation occurs as an equilibrium process described by classical Köhler theory6,7. Here we show that this assumption can be invalid under certain realistic conditions. We conclude that the poor empirical correlation between cloud droplet and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations is partly a result of kinetically limited growth before droplet activation occurs. Ignoring these considerations in calculations of total cloud radiative forcing based on cloud condensation nuclei concentrations could lead to errors that are of the same order of magnitude as the total anthropogenic greenhouse-gas radiative forcing1.

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Figure 1: Köhler curves for three different particles.
Figure 2: Base-case comparison of the equilibrium (τe) and droplet growth (τg) timescales as a function of critical supersaturation.
Figure 3: A study of the sensitivity of Sc* to various parameters.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research and the National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Engineering Science, MC 138-78, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, California, USA

    P. Y. Chuang

  2. Departments of Atmospheric Sciences and Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, Washington, USA

    R. J. Charlson

  3. Division of Engineering and Applied Science and Department of Chemical Engineering, MC 210-41, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, California, USA

    J. H. Seinfeld

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  1. P. Y. Chuang
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Correspondence to J. H. Seinfeld.

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Chuang, P., Charlson, R. & Seinfeld, J. Kinetic limitations on droplet formation in clouds. Nature 390, 594–596 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1038/37576

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