In the 1950s there were hopes that semiconductor thermocouples would replace mechanical refrigerators, just as semiconductor transistors supplanted vacuum tubes. New materials may bring that goal a bit closer.
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References
Venkatasubramanian, R., Siivola, E., Colpitts, T. & O'Quinn, B. Nature 413, 597–602 (2001).
Dubois, L. H. 18th International Conference on Thermoelectrics 1–4 (IEEE, Piscataway, New Jersey, 1999); http://www.zts.com/darpa/dubois99
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Vining, C. Semiconductors are cool. Nature 413, 577–578 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35098159
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35098159
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