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Ultimate physical limits to computation

Nature volume 406, pages 1047–1054 (2000)Cite this article

Computers are physical systems: the laws of physics dictate what they can and cannot do. In particular, the speed with which a physical device can process information is limited by its energy and the amount of information that it can process is limited by the number of degrees of freedom it possesses. Here I explore the physical limits of computation as determined by the speed of light c, the quantum scale ℏ and the gravitational constant G. As an example, I put quantitative bounds to the computational power of an ‘ultimate laptop’ with a mass of one kilogram confined to a volume of one litre.

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Figure 1: The ultimate laptop.
Figure 2: Computing at the black-hole limit.

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  1. d'Arbeloff Laboratory for Information Systems and Technology MIT Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3-160, Cambridge, 02139, Massachusetts, USA

    Seth Lloyd

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Lloyd, S. Ultimate physical limits to computation. Nature 406, 1047–1054 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35023282

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