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Kondo effect in a single-electron transistor

Nature volume 391, pages 156–159 (1998)Cite this article

Abstract

How localized electrons interact with delocalized electrons is a central question to many problems in sold-state physics1,2,3. The simplest manifestation of this situation is the Kondo effect, which occurs when an impurity atom with an unpaired electron is placed in a metal2. At low temperatures a spin singlet state is formed between the unpaired localized electron and delocalized electrons at the Fermi energy. Theories predict4,5,6,7 that a Kondo singlet should form in a single-electron transistor (SET), which contains a confined ‘droplet’ of electrons coupled by quantum-mechanical tunnelling to the delocalized electrons in the transistor's leads. If this is so, a SET could provide a means of investigating aspects of the Kondo effect under controlled circumstances that are not accessible in conventional systems: the number of electrons can be changed from odd to even, the difference in energy between the localized state and the Fermi level can be tuned, the coupling to the leads can be adjusted, voltage differences can be applied to reveal non-equilibrium Kondo phenomena7, and a single localized state can be studied rather than a statistical distribution. But for SETs fabricated previously, the binding energy of the spin singlet has been too small to observe Kondo phenomena. Ralph and Buhrman8 have observed the Kondo singlet at a single accidental impurity in a metal point contact, but with only two electrodes and without control over the structure they were not able to observe all of the features predicted. Here we report measurements on SETs smaller than those made previously, which exhibit all of the predicted aspects of the Kondo effect in such a system.

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Figure 1: a, Scanning electron microscope image showing top view of sample.
Figure 2: Temperature dependence of zero-bias conductance G through two different spatial states on the droplet.
Figure 3: Temperature and magnetic field dependence of the zero-bias Kondo resonance measured in differential conductance.
Figure 4: Differential conductance on a colour scale as a function of both V g and V ds.

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Acknowledgements

We thank G. Bunin for help with fabrication, N. Y. Morgan for help with measurements, and I. Aleiner, R. C. Ashoori, M. H. Devoret, D. Esteve, D. C. Glattli, A. S. Goldhaber, L. Levitov, K. Matveev, N. Zhitenev, and especially N. S. Wingreen and Y. Meir for discussions. This work was supported by the US Joint Services Electronics Program under contract from the Department of the Army, Army Research Office. D.G.-G. thanks the students and staff of the Weizmann Institute's Braun Center for Submicron Research for their hospitality during his stay there, and the Hertz Foundation for fellowship support. D.A.-M. thanks the Lucent Technologies Foundation for fellowship support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachussetts, 02139, USA

    D. Goldhaber-Gordon, David Abusch-Magder & M. A. Kastner

  2. Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Braun Center for Submicron Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

    D. Goldhaber-Gordon, Hadas Shtrikman, D. Mahalu & U. Meirav

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  1. D. Goldhaber-Gordon
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Correspondence to M. A. Kastner.

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Goldhaber-Gordon, D., Shtrikman, H., Mahalu, D. et al. Kondo effect in a single-electron transistor. Nature 391, 156–159 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/34373

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