We thank Dr Silver for his useful comments, which point out once more the importance of clinical observation in the development of adequate treatment strategies.
Untill now, clinical examination plays a vital role in the diagnosis of neurogenic heterotopic ossification (NHO), taking into consideration both clinical signs and likelihood. Since the pathophysiology of NHO is poorly understood and treatment options are scarce, its prevention is important and, thus, the early identification and adequate treatment of putative risk factors. In this perspective, there is, as Dr Silver beautifully illustrates in his case reports, ample empirical evidence that regular and cautious mobilisation of the large peripheral joints should be recommended from day of the spinal cord injury (SCI) to keep the joint capsules supple and to maintain adequate muscle length.
Results from several case reports revealed that vigorous passive exercises1,2,3 increased the incidence of NHO, but also that a longer time interval between the injury and the beginning of well-dosed passive movement exercises enhances the risk of developing NHO.1,4,5,6 These results were later supported by animal studies.7,8,9 Moreover, through biological, biochemical, and biomechanical research more insight into the pathophysiology of NHO is obtained and it is now generally accepted that (micro)trauma and mechanical stress to the musculotendinous apparatus may arise either from vigorous passive exercises or from loss of mobility and muscle imbalance causing peak pressure on soft tissue areas.1,2,3,10,11,12 Mechanical stress causes local microtrauma that may induce ossification either indirectly through an inflammatory response or directly by releasing osteoblast-stimulating factors. This insight takes into account the highly ‘vascular’ state of the paralysed area and the high likelihood of concomitant use of anti-coagulants which may predispose to haematoma and secondary NHO, particularly during the rehabilitation phase after SCI.13 It is therefore, tempting to speculate that (forced) passive movements following a period of immobilisation may easily result in shear and tear of soft tissues leading to an increased risk of developing NHO.14,15
It is now generally incorporated in the treatment programmes for SCI patients that they should receive early, regular and cautious joint mobilisation to prevent that more rigorous exercises with the high risk of (micro)trauma to the periarticular tissues are ever necessary. This insight, a Dr Silver points out, primarily developed based on clinical observation and was later supported by biological, biomechanical and biochemical research. Hence, it seems warranted to value clinical observations especially in a field where pathophysiological and epidemiological knowledge is still limited.
References
Silver JR . Heterotropic ossification. A clinical study of its possible relationship to trauma. Paraplegia 1969; 7: 220–230.
Goldman J . Heterotropic ossification in spinal cord injuries. Physiotherapy 1980; 66: 219–220.
Nechwatal E . Die Vermeidung heterotoper Ossifikationen. Ein zentrales Problem bei der Fruehbehandlung von Querschnittgelaehmten. Z Orthop 1972; 110: 590–596.
Damanski M . Heterotopic ossification in paraplegia: a clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg 1961; 43: 286–299.
Roche MB, Jostes FA . Ectopic bone deposits. A paraplegic complication. Am J Surg 1948; 75: 633–636.
Daud O, Sett P, Burr RG, Silver JR . The relationship of heterotopic ossification to passive movements in paraplegic patients. Disab Rehabil 1993; 15: 114–118.
Michelsson JE, Rauschning W . Pathogenesis of experimental heterotopic bone formation following temporary forcible exercising of immobilised limbs. Clin Orthop Rel Res 1983; 178: 265–272.
Michelsson JE, Granroth G, Andersson LC . Myositis ossificans following forcible manipulation of the leg. A rabbit model for the study of heterotopic bone formation. J Bone Joint Surg 1980; 62: 811–825.
Izumi K . Study of ectopic bone formation in experimental spinal cord injured rabbits. Paraplegia 1983; 21: 351–363.
Stover SL, Hataway CJ, Zeiger HE . Heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1975; 56: 199–204.
High WB . Effects of orally administered prostaglandin E2 on cortical bone turn over in adult dogs; a histomorphometric study. Bone 1987; 8: 363–373.
Jee WSS, Ueno K, Deng YP, Woodbury DM . The effects of prostaglandin E2 in growing rats; increased in metaphyseal hard tissue and cortico-endosteal bone formation. Calcif Tissue Int 1985; 37: 148–157.
Knudsen L, Lundberg D, Ericsson G . Myositis ossificans circumscripta in para-/tetraplegics. Scand J Rheum 1982; 11: 27–31.
Hossack DW, King A . Neurogenic heterotopic ossification. Med J Aust 1967; 7: 326–328.
Snoecx M, De Muynck M, Van Laere M . Association between muscle trauma and heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injured patients. Reflections on causal relationships and diagnostic value of ultrasonography. Paraplegia 1995; 33: 464–468.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
van Kuijk, A., Geurts, A. & van Kuppevelt, H. Reply to letter from Dr Silver. Spinal Cord 41, 423–424 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101446
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101446