Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Dipoles of the α-helix and β-sheet: their role in protein folding

Abstract

As a result of the regular arrangement of peptide dipoles in secondary structure segments and the low effective dielectric constant in Hydrophobic cores, the electrostatic energy of a protein is very sensitive to the relative orientation of the segments. We provide here evidence that the alignment of secondary structure dipoles is significant in determining the three-dimensional structure of globular proteins.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Wada, A. Adv. Biophys. 9, 1–63 (1976).

    MathSciNet  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Hol, W. G. J., Van Duijnen, P. Th. & Berendsen, H. J. C. Nature 273, 443–446 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Van Duijnen, P. Th., Thole, B. T. & Hol, W. G. J. Biophys. Chem. 9, 273–280 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Drenth, J., Swen, H. M., Hoogenstraaten, W. & Sluyterman, L. A. Æ. Proc. K. ned. Akad. Wet. C78, 104–110 (1975).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Jernigan, R. L., Miyazawa, S. & Szu, S. C. Macromolecules 13, 518–525 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Blagdon, D. E. & Goodman, M. Biopolymers 14, 241–245 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Levitt, M. & Chothia, C. Nature 261, 552–558 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bloomer, A. C., Champness, J. N., Bricogne, G., Staden, R. & Klug, R. Nature 276, 362–368 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Stubbs, G., Warren, S. & Holmes, K. Nature 267, 216–221 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kendrew, J. C. et al. Nature 185, 422–427 (1960).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kretsinger, R. H. & Nockolds, C. E. J. biol Chem. 248, 3313–3326 (1973).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hendrickson, W. A. & Ward, K. B. J. biol. Chem. 252, 3012–3018 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Banyard, S. H., Stammers, D. K. & Harrison, P. M. Nature 271, 282–284 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mathews, F. S., Bethge, P. H. & Czerwinski, E. W. J. biol. Chem. 254, 1699–1706 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Weber, P. C. et al. Nature 286, 302–304 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Weber, P. C. & Salemme, R. Nature 287, 82–84 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mornon, J. P., Fridlansky, F., Bally, R. & Milgrom, E. J. molec. Biol. 137, 415–429 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Poulos, Th. L. et al. J. biol. Chem. 255, 575–580 (1980).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Imoto, T., Johnson, L. N., North, A. C. T., Phillips, D. C. & Rupley, J. A. in The Enzymes Vol. 7 (ed. Boyer, P. D.) 666–868 (Academic, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Remington, S. J. et al. J. molec. Biol. 118, 81–98 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Colman, P. M., Jansonius, J. N. & Matthews, B. W. J. molec. Biol. 70, 701–724 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Mathews, F. S., Levine, M. & Argos, P. J. molec. Biol. 64, 449–464 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chothia, C. J. Molec. Biol. 75, 295–302 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Janin, J. & Chothia, C. J. molec. Biol. 143, 95–128 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Arnott, S., Dover, S. D. & Elliot, A. J. molec. Biol. 30, 201–208 (1967).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Fraser, R. D. B. & MacRae, T. P. Conformation in Fibrous Proteins (Academic, New York, 1973).

  27. Leijonmarck, M., Eriksson, S. & Liljas, A. Nature 286, 824–826 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wierenga, R. K., De Jong, R. J., Kalk, K. H., Hol, W. G. J. & Drenth, J. J. molec. Biol. 131, 55–73 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Cohen, L. A. in The Enzymes Vol. l (ed. Boyer, P. D.) 147–211 (Academic, New York, 1970).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ottesen, M., Johansen, J. T. & Swendsen, I. in Structure–Function Relationships of Proteolytic Enzymes (eds Desnuelle, P. Neurath, H. & Ottesen, M.) 175–187 (Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 1970).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  31. Glazer, A. N. in The Proteins Vol. 2 (eds Neurath, H. & Hill, R. L.) 1–103 (1976).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  32. Ploegman, J. H., Drent, G., Kalk, K. H. & Hol, W. G. J. J. molec. Biol. 123, 557–594 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Delbaere, L. T. J., Hatcheon, W. L. B., James, M. N. G. & Thiessen, W. E. Nature 257, 758–763 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Ehrenson, S. J. Am. chem. Soc. 98, 7510–7514 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rees, D. C. J. molec. Biol. 141, 323–326 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Burnett, R. M. et al. J. biol. Chem. 249, 4383–4392 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McLachlan, A. D. & Stewart, M. J. molec. Biol. 103, 271–298 (1976).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Arnott, S. & Wonacott, A. J. J. molec. Biol. 21, 371–383 (1966).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Privalov, P. L. Adv. Protein Chem. 33, 167–241 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Kauzmann, W. Adv. Protein Chem. 14, 1–63 (1959).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Dijkstra, B. W., Drenth, J., Kalk, K. H. & Vandermaelen, P. J. J. molec. Biol. 124, 53–60 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Takano, T. et al. J. biol. Chem. 252, 776–785 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Holbrook, J. J., Liljas, A., Steindel, S. J. & Rossmann, M. G. in The Enzymes Vol. 11 (ed. Boyer, P. D.) 191–292 (Academic, New York, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  44. Brändén, C.-I., Jörnvall, H., Eklund, H. & Furugren, B. in The Enzymes Vol. 11 (ed. Boyer, P. D.) 103–190 (Academic, New York, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Buehner, M., Ford, G. C., Moras, D., Olsen, K. W. & Rossmann, M. G. J. molec. Biol. 82, 563–585 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Schulz, G. E., Elzinga, M., Marx, F. & Schirmer, R. H. Nature 250, 120–123 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wright, C. S., Alden, R. A. & Kraut, J. Nature 221, 235–242 (1969).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Matthews, D. et al. J. biol. Chem. 253, 6946–6954 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Banner, D. W. et al. Nature 255, 609–614 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Hartsuck, J. A. & Lipscomb, W. N. in The Enzymes Vol. 3 (ed. Boyer, P. D.) 1–56 (Academic, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Drenth, J., Jansonius, J. N., Koekoek, R. & Wolthers, B. G. in The Enzymes Vol. 3 (ed. Boyer, P. D.) 485–499 (Academic, New York, 1971).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Baker, E. N. J. molec. Biol. 141, 441–484 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Pollock, E. L., Aider, B. J. & Pratt, L. R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 49–51 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Pethig, T. Dielectric and Electronic Properties of Biological Materials (Wiley, New York, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Applequist, J. & Mahr, T. G. J. Am. chem. Soc. 88, 5419 (1966).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Kirkwood, J. G. & Westheimer, F. H. J. chem. Phys. 6, 5419–5429 (1938); 7, 437 (1939).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Bernstein, F. C. et al. J. molec. Biol. 112, 535–542 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Levitt, M. & Greer, J. J. molec. Biol. 114, 181–239 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Sawyer, L. et al. J. molec. Biol. 118, 137–208 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Wyckoff, H. W. et al. J. biol. Chem. 245, 305–328 (1970).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Hardman, K. D. & Ainsworth, C. F. Biochemistry 11, 4910–4919 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Reeke, G. N., Becker, J. W. & Edelman, G. M. J. biol Chem. 250, 1525–1547 (1975).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Watenpaugh, K. D., Sieker, L. C., Herriott, J. C. & Jensen, L. H. Acta crystallogr. B29, 943–956 (1973).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Carter, C. W. et al. J. biol. Chem. 249, 4212–4225 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Poljak, R. J., Amzel, L. M., Chen, B. L., Phizackerley, R. P. & Saul, F. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 3440–3444 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Blake, C. C. F., Geisow, M., Oatley, S. J., Rérat, B. & Rérat, C. J. molec. Biol. 121, 339–356 (1978).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Tsernoglou, D. & Petsko, G. A. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74, 971–974 (1977).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Low, B. W. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2991–2994 (1976).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Richardson, J. S., Thomas, K. A., Rubin, B. H. & Richardson, D. C. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72, 1349–1353 (1975).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Matthews, B. W., Fenna, R. A., Bolognesi, M. C., Schmid, M. F. & Olson, J. M. J. molec. Biol. 131, 259–285 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Mitsui, Y., Satow, Y., Watanabe, Y. & litaka, Y. J. molec. Biol. 131, 697–724 (1979).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Sweet, R. M., Wright, H. T., Janin, J., Chothia, C. H. & Blow, D. M. Biochemistry 13, 4212–4228 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Harrison, S. C., Olson, A. J., Schutt, C. E. & Winkler, F. K. Nature 276, 368–378 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Tang, J., James, M. N. G., Hsu, I. N., Jenkins, J. A. & Blundell, T. L. Nature 271, 618–621 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hermans, J. & McQueen, J. E. Acta crystallogr. A30, 730–739 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Pauling, L. & Corey, R. B. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 39, 253–256 (1953).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hol, W., Halie, L. & Sander, C. Dipoles of the α-helix and β-sheet: their role in protein folding. Nature 294, 532–536 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1038/294532a0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/294532a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing