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Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto

Nature volume 395, pages 777–780 (1998)Cite this article

Abstract

The Galileo spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter since 7 December 1995, and encounters one of the four galilean satellites—Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto—on each orbit. Initial results from the spacecraft's magnetometer1,2 have indicated that neither Europa nor Callisto have an appreciable internal magnetic field, in contrast to Ganymede3 and possibly Io4. Here we report perturbations of the external magnetic fields (associated with Jupiter's inner magnetosphere) in the vicinity of both Europa and Callisto. We interpret these perturbations as arising from induced magnetic fields, generated by the moons in response to the periodically varying plasma environment. Electromagnetic induction requires eddy currents to flow within the moons, and our calculations show that the most probable explanation is that there are layers of significant electrical conductivity just beneath the surfaces of both moons. We argue that these conducting layers may best be explained by the presence of salty liquid-water oceans, for which there is already indirect geological evidence5,6 in the case of Europa.

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Figure 1: The varying magnetic fields experienced by Europa and Callisto.
Figure 2: Magnetic field observations for the E14 pass.
Figure 3: Magnetic field observations from the C3 and C9 passes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Bindschadler of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for support in all phases of data collection and J. Mafi for data processing and preparation of data plots. This work was partially supported by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA

    K. K. Khurana, M. G. Kivelson, G. Schubert, C. T. Russell & R. J. Walker

  2. Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA

    M. G. Kivelson, G. Schubert & C. T. Russell

  3. Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91125, California, USA

    D. J. Stevenson

  4. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 4800 Oak Grove Road,, Pasadena, 91109, California, USA

    C. Polanskey

Authors
  1. K. K. Khurana
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  2. M. G. Kivelson
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  3. D. J. Stevenson
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  4. G. Schubert
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Correspondence to K. K. Khurana.

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Khurana, K., Kivelson, M., Stevenson, D. et al. Induced magnetic fields as evidence for subsurface oceans in Europa and Callisto. Nature 395, 777–780 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1038/27394

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