Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Newer Forms of Carbon and their Uses

Nature volume 221, pages 132–141 (1969)Cite this article

Abstract

Carbon is an unsung but vital engineering material. It has long been manufactured in many different forms to suit various purposes, but in recent years, with the development of the nuclear and aerospace technologies, it has acquired a high degree of sophistication. What follows sets out details of the manufacture and properties of these new forms of carbon.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kirk–Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 4 (Wiley 1964).

  2. Schobert, E. I., “Carbon and Graphite” in Modern Materials, 4 (Academic Press, 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kennedy, A. J., “Graphite—A Future Structural Material”, Aeronautical Quart., 11, 309 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Proc. Second Conference on Industrial Carbon and Graphite (London: Society for Chemical Industry, 1966).

  5. Reinforcement of Elastomers (edit. by Kraus, G.) (Interscience, 1965).

  6. Payne, A. R. “Elatomer Systems” in Composite Materials (edit. by Holliday, L.) (Elsevier, 1966).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Proc. 1967 International Rubber Conference (London: MacLaren and Sons, 1968) (see especially pp. 141, 235, 249).

  8. Joint Symposium on Graphite, in Electrochemical Technology, 5, 163 (1967) (see especially pp. 174–182).

  9. Boltz, C. L., New Scientist, 39, 664 (1968). British Patents 1060420, 1002266, 957108, 1027051.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Nuclear Graphite (edit. by Nightingale, R. E.) (Academic Press, 1962).

  11. Reynolds, W. N., Physical Properties of Graphite (Elsevier, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Chemistry and Physics of Carbon (edit. by Walker, jun., P. L.), 4 (London: Arnold; New York: Dekker, 1968).

  13. Nucl. Sci. Eng., 20, 151 (1961).

  14. Goeddel, W. V., Nucl. Appl., 3, 599 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Goggin, P. R., and Reynolds, W. N., Phil. Mag., 16, 317 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Thompson, M. W., and Wright, S. B., J. Nucl. Materials, 16, 146 (1965).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bokros, J. C., Guthrie, G. L., and Schwartz, A. S., Carbon, 6, 55 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Simmons, J. H. W., Prog. Nucl. Energy, Ser. 4, 3 (Pergamon, 1960).

  19. Brocklehurst, J. E., Proc. Second Conference on Industrial Carbon and Graphite, 540 (London: Soc. Chem. Industry, 1966).

  20. Bentler, H., Beatty, R. L., and Coobs, J. H., Electrochem. Tech., 5, 189 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Godwin, N., Uranium and Graphite, 59 (London: Inst. of Metals, 1962).

  22. Nuclear Graphite (OEEC Dragon Symposium, Bournemouth, 1959) (Publ. OEEC European Nuclear Energy Agency, 1961).

  23. Graham, L. W., and Price, M. S. T., Proc. Second Conference on Industrial Carbon and Graphite, 446 (London: Soc. Chem. Industry, 1966).

  24. Hewitt, G. F., and Sharratt, E. W., J. Nucl. Materials, 13, 187 (1964).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hawtin, P., Hewitt, G. F., and Roberts, J., Nature, 215, 1415 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Longstaff, B., J. Appl. Chem. (in the press).

  27. Bokros, J. C., Chemistry and Physics of Carbon (edit. by Walker, P. L.), 5 (Dekker, New York, in the press).

  28. Biscoe, J., and Warren, B. E., J. Appl. Phys., 13, 364 (1942).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Gray, R. J., and Cathcart, J. V., J. Nucl. Materials, 19, 81 (1966).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Gillin, L. M., and Kelly, A., J. Materials Sci., 3, 408 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Katz, R. N., and Gazzara, C. P., J. Materials Sci., 3, 61 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Thomas, J. M., and Roscoe, C., Proc. Second Conference on Industrial Carbon and Graphite, 249 (London: Soc. Chem. Industry, 1966).

  33. Schwartz, A. S., and Bokros, J. C., Carbon, 5, 325 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Fischbach, D. B., and Kotlensky, W. V., Electrochem. Tech., 5, 207 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Blackman, L. C. F., Ubbelohde, A. R., and Young, D. A., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 266, 20 (1962).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Moore, A. W., Ubbelohde, A. R., and Young, D. A., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 280, 153 (1964).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ubbelohde, A. R., Endeavour, 63 (1965).

  38. Riley, M. W., Materials and Eng. Design, 56, 106 (Aug. 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  39. Whiffen, J. D., Dutton, R., Young, W. P., and Gott, V. L., Surgery, 56, 404 (1964).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Bentler, H., Beatty, R. L., and Coobs, J. H., Electrochem. Tech., 5, 189 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bokros, J. C., and Schwartz, A. S., Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 239, 7 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Cowlard, F. C., and Lewis, J. C., J. Materials Sci., 2, 507 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Higgins, J. K., and Antill, J. E., Second Conference on Industrial Carbon, 269 (Society of Chem. Industry, 1966).

  44. Lewis, J. C., Second Conference on Industrial Carbon, 258 (Society of Chem. Industry, 1966).

  45. Yamada, S., Sato, H., and Ishii, T., Carbon, 2, 253 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Halpin, M. K., and Jenkins, G. M., Nature, 218, 950 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lewis, J. C., Redfern, B., and Cowlard, F. C., Solid-State Electronics, 6, 251 (1963).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Reynolds, W. N., Physical Properties of Graphite, 55 et seq. (Elsevier, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Mrozowski, S., Proc. First and Second Carbon Conferences, 65 (Pergamon, 1959).

  50. Morgan, W. C., J. Nucl. Materials, 21, 232 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Mark, H., Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives (edit. by Ott, E.), 5 (Interscience, 1943).

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bacon, R., J. Appl. Phys., 31, 283 (1960).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. Treloar, L. R. G., Polymer, 1, 279 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sakurada, I., Itoho, T., and Nukushina, N., paper presented at tenth Annual Meeting of Soc. Polymer Sci. (Japan), 1961.

  55. Tang, M. M., and Bacon, R., Carbon, 2, 211, 221 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Badami, D. V., Campbell, C., Davy, A. D., and Lindsay, M. J., Proc. Second Conference on Industrial Carbon and Graphite (London: Soc. Chem. Industry, 1966).

  57. Schmidt, D. L., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, ASD-TDR-62–635 (August 1962).

  58. Cranch, G. E., Proc. Fifth Carbon Conference, 1 (Pergamon, 1962).

  59. Ruland, W., J. Appl. Phys., 38, 3585 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Johnson, W., Phillips, L. N., and Watt, W., British Patent 1110791 (1968); Nature, 219, 818 (1968); ibid., 220, 835 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Johnson, W., and Watt, W., Nature, 215, 384 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Badami, D. V., Joiner, J. C., and Jones, G. A., Nature, 215, 386 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Yamada, S., and Yamamoto, M., paper presented at Tenth Carbon Conference. Yamada, S., Japanese Patent, SHOWA 41/15727.

  64. Morris, J. B., Atom, No. 144, 269 (Oct. 1968).

  65. Standage, A. E., and Prescott, R., Nature, 211, 169 (1966).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Plastics and Rubber Weekly, 11 (April 19, 1968).

  67. Giltrow, J. P., and Lancaster, J. K., Nature, 214, 1106 (1967).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. Peters, D. M., Design Engineering (UK), 29 (Sept. 1968).

  69. Simon, R., Prosen, S. P., and Duffy, J., Nature, 213, 1113 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Ubbelohde, A. R., and Lewis, F. A., Graphite and its Crystal Compounds (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  71. French Carbon Study Group Les Carbones, 2 (Masson, Paris, 1965).

  72. Nixon, D. E., Parry, G. S., and Ubbelohde, A. R., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 291, 324 (1966).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Parry, G. S., and Nixon, D. E., Nature, 216, 909 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Nixon, D. E., and Parry, G. S., Brit. J. Appl. Phys., ser. 2, 1, 291 (1968).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Heershap, M., Delavignette, P., and Amelinckx, S., Carbon, 1, 235 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Herinckx, C., Perret, R., and Ruland, W., Nature, 220, 63 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Saunders, G. A., Ubbelohde, A. R., and Young, D. A., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 271, 499 (1963).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Eeles, W. T., and Turnbull, J. A., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 283, 179 (1965).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Brocklehurst, J. E., and Martin, W. H., J. Nucl. Materials, 23, 341 (1967). (Note that Fig. 3 of this paper was wrongly printed; the correct illustration is printed in 24, 248 (1967).)

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ottmers, D. M., and Rase, H. F., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 5, 302 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Hambling, J. K., and Alderson, G. W., paper presented at IUPAC Conference, London, July 17, 1963.

  82. British Patents 912823, 912824, 912825.

  83. New Scientist, 563 (June 13, 1968).

  84. Hooker, C. N., Ubbelohde, A. R., and Young, D. A., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 284, 17 (1965).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Feates, F. S., J. Nucl. Materials, 27, 325 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Richards, B. P., J. Appl. Cryst., 1, 35 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Noda, T., Carbon, 6, 125 (1968).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Ubbelohde, A. R., Nature, 220, 434 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Tulloch, H. J. C., and Young, D. A., Nature, 211, 730 (1966).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  90. Austerman, S. B., Myron, S. M., and Wagner, J. W., Carbon, 5, 549 (1967).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Roscoe, C., and Thomas, J. M., Proc. Roy. Soc., A, 297, 397 (1967).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. El Goresy, A., and Donnay, G., Science, 161, 363 (1968).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Curtis, G. J., Milne, J. M., and Reynolds, W. N., Nature, 220, 1024 (1968).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Materials Science Division, School of Applied Sciences, University of Sussex,

    R. W. CAHN & B. HARRIS

Authors
  1. R. W. CAHN
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. B. HARRIS
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

CAHN, R., HARRIS, B. Newer Forms of Carbon and their Uses. Nature 221, 132–141 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1038/221132a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/221132a0

This article is cited by

Comments

By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.

Search

Advanced search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing