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Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China

Nature volume 400, pages 58–61 (1999)Cite this article

Abstract

The ancient lake beds of the lower part of the Yixian Formation, Liaoning Province, northeastern China, have yielded a wide rangeof well-preserved fossils: the ‘feathered’ dinosaurs Sinosauropteryx1, Protarchaeopteryx and Caudipteryx2, the primitive birds Confuciusornis3 and Liaoningornis4, the mammal Zhangheotherium5 and the reportedly oldest flowering plant, Archaefructus6. Equally well preserved in the lake beds are a wide range of fossil plants, insects, bivalves, conchostracans, ostracods, gastropods, fish, salamanders, turtles, lizards, the frog Callobatrachus7 and the pterosaur Eosipterus1,8. This uniquely preserved assemblage of fossils is providing newinsight into long-lived controversies over bird–dinosaur relationships1,2, the early diversification of birds3,9,10 and the origin and evolution of flowering plants6. Despite the importance of this fossil assemblage, estimates of its geological age have varied widely from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. Here we present the first 40Ar/39Ar dates unambiguously associated with the main fossil horizons of the lower part of the Yixian Formation, and thus, for the first time, provide accurate age calibration of this important fauna. The results of this dating study indicate that the lower Yixian fossil horizons are not Jurassic but rather are at least 20 Myr younger, placing them within middle Early Cretaceous time.

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Figure 1: Map of the Sihetun area, Liaoning Province, northeastern China.
Figure 2: Stratigraphic correlation of the main fossil-bearing layers of the lower Yixian Formation.
Figure 3: 40Ar/39Ar dating results.

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Acknowledgements

We thank all the members of the IVPP field crew, and M. M. Chang, Z. Luo and S. Kelley for discussion and comment on this study. This research was funded, in part, by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation, Earth Science Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, 94709, California, USA

    Carl C. Swisher III

  2. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China

    Yuan-qing Wang, Xiao-lin Wang, Xing Xu & Yuan Wang

  3. Natural History Museum, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 6 Ximingzhu Street, Changchun, 130026, People's Republic of China

    Xiao-lin Wang

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  1. Carl C. Swisher III
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Correspondence to Carl C. Swisher III.

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Swisher, C., Wang, Yq., Wang, Xl. et al. Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature 400, 58–61 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/21872

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