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Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition volume 58, pages 718–724 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective: Milk consumption is considered a risk factor for vascular disease on the basis of relevant biological mechanisms and data from ecological studies. The aim was to identify published prospective studies of milk drinking and vascular disease, and conduct an overview.

Design: The literature was searched for cohort studies, in which an estimate of the consumption of milk, or the intake of calcium from dairy sources, has been related to incident vascular disease.

Main outcome measures: Ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke.

Results: In total, 10 studies were identified. Their results show a high degree of consistency in the reported risk for heart disease and stroke, all but one study suggesting a relative risk of less than one in subjects with the highest intakes of milk. A pooled estimate of relative odds in these subjects, relative to the risk in subjects with the lowest consumption, is 0.87 (95% CI 0.74–1.03) for ischaemic heart disease and 0.83 (0.77–0.90) for ischaemic stroke. The odds ratio for any vascular event is 0.84 (0.78–0.90).

Conclusions: Cohort studies provide no convincing evidence that milk is harmful. While there still could be residual confounding from unidentified factors, the studies, taken together, suggest that milk drinking may be associated with a small but worthwhile reduction in heart disease and stroke risk.

Sponsorship: The University of Wales College of Medicine and Bristol University. Current support is from the Food Standards Agency.

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Acknowledgements

This Caerphilly study was conducted by the former MRC Epidemiology Unit (South Wales) and was funded by the Medical Research Council of United Kingdom. The archive is now maintained by the Department of Social Medicine in the University of Bristol. Janet Pickering and Janie Hughes are supported by the Food Standards Agency.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Statistics and Public Health, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK

    P C Elwood, J E Pickering & J Hughes

  2. Formerly MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cardiff, UK

    A M Fehily

  3. University of Bristol, UK

    A R Ness

Authors
  1. P C Elwood
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  2. J E Pickering
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  3. J Hughes
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  4. A M Fehily
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  5. A R Ness
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Correspondence to P C Elwood.

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Elwood, P., Pickering, J., Hughes, J. et al. Milk drinking, ischaemic heart disease and ischaemic stroke II. Evidence from cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 58, 718–724 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601869

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Keywords

  • milk
  • calcium
  • ischaemic heart disease
  • stroke
  • overview
  • relative odds

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