Abstract
It has recently been suggested1,2 that liquid helium II shows a certain similarity with a Knudsen gas, the atoms moving with a very long mean free path. From the formula which is quite general (l is mean free path, χ is thermal conductivity, cν is specific heat per gram, Ï is density, ν is velocity of the atoms or quanta performing the heat conduction), one obtains values for l of several millimetres, even if one takes for χ the smallest values measured by Keesom2 and assumes for ν either the velocity of sound or a value deduced from the zero point energy (both about 2.5 × 104 cm./sec). Thus, if a Knudsen manometer were immersed in helium II, the moving vane should be repelled from the heater plate with a force of the order of magnitude where Q is the total heat flow striking the vane, provided the separation of plate and vane is less than the mean free path. Expression (2) is also of a very general nature and can only be modified by a factor of the order of magnitude of unity arising from the velocity distribution and the type of the collisions of the atoms with the vane.
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References
Michels, A., Bijl, H., and de Boer, J., Physica, 5, 121 (1938).
Keesom, W. H., Keesom, Miss A. P., and Saris, B. F., Physica, 5, 281 (1938).
Allen, J. F., and Jones, H., NATURE, 141, 243 (1938).
Allen, J. F., and Misener, A. D., NATURE, 141, 74 (1938).
Tisza, L., NATURE, 141, 913 (1938).
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LONDON, H. A Ponderomotive Effect associated with the Flow of Heat through Liquid Helium II. Nature 142, 612–613 (1938). https://doi.org/10.1038/142612a0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/142612a0
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