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Regulation of prostate cell growth and morphogenesis by Dickkopf-3

Oncogene volume 25, pages 6528–6537 (2006)Cite this article

Abstract

Wnt signalling plays a critical role in the development of cancer. Recent studies indicate that Wnt signalling is negatively regulated by secreted Wnt antagonists such as secreted frizzled related proteins (sFRPs) and Dickkopfs (Dkks). We compared Dkk family expression levels in normal prostate and prostate cancer cells and found a reduction in Dkk-3 expression in cancer cells. Ectopic expression of Dkk-3 inhibited colony formation in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines and inducible expression of Dkk-3 reduced LNCaP cell proliferation. Moreover, small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of Dkk-3 enhanced cell cycle progression in untransformed RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Dkk-3 is expressed in a subset of normal prostate gland acini and that Dkk-3 expression is reduced in prostate tumours, particularly those with a high Gleason grade, suggesting a role for Dkk-3 in postmitotic differentiation. Consistent with this, depletion of Dkk-3 disrupted acinar morphogenesis of RWPE-1 cells in a three-dimensional cell culture model. Our results are consistent with the loss of Dkk-3 expression resulting in impairment of glandular structure and uncontrolled prostate epithelial cell (PrEC) proliferation, both of which are crucial for prostate cancer progression.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Sergei Y Sokol, Maria Vivanco, Marc van de Wetering, Hans Clevers, Bert Vogelstein, Ken Kinzler and Simak Ali for reagents, to Tahereh Kamalati, Charles Sawyers, Christopher Gregory and El-Nasir Lalani for cells and to Simon Gamble and Greg Brooke for technical advice. We thank Michael Mazor, Hanneng Zhu, Takashi Kawano and our colleagues in the Prostate Cancer Research Group for help and advice. This work was supported by the Joron Charitable Trust and the Prostate Cancer Charity, UK.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oncology, Division of SORA, Prostate Cancer Research Group, Harris Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK

    Y Kawano, J Waxman & R M Kypta

  2. Kumamoto Central Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan

    M Kitaoka & Y Hamada

  3. Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, UK

    M M Walker

  4. Cell Biology and Stem Cells Unit, CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia, Spain

    R M Kypta

Authors
  1. Y Kawano
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  2. M Kitaoka
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Correspondence to Y Kawano or R M Kypta.

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Kawano, Y., Kitaoka, M., Hamada, Y. et al. Regulation of prostate cell growth and morphogenesis by Dickkopf-3. Oncogene 25, 6528–6537 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1209661

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Keywords

  • Dkk-3
  • prostate cancer
  • proliferation
  • immunohistochemistry
  • acinar formation

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