Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Original Article
  • Published:

Regulated nuclear localization of stress-responsive factors: how the nuclear trafficking of protein kinases and transcription factors contributes to cell survival

Abstract

The details of nuclear transport mechanisms are emerging rapidly, largely through work with model organisms. Here, we briefly describe these advances, with an emphasis on the remaining challenges. We then address the nuclear transport of some high profile cellular regulators, including p53 and the proto-oncogene PKB/Akt. We discuss the mechanisms that contribute to the differential subcellular localization of these proteins. Finally, we analyse the provocative patterns that emerge from our overview.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alessi, DR, Andjelkovic M, Caudwell B, Cron P, Morrice N, Cohen P and Hemmings BA. . 1996 EMBO J. 15: 6541–6551.

  • Alessi DR and Cohen P. . 1998 Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8: 55–62.

  • Andjelkovic M, Alessi DR, Meier R, Fernandez A, Lamb, NJ, Frech M, Cron P, Cohen P, Lucocq JM and Hemmings BA. . 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 31515–31524.

  • Arts GJ, Fornerod M and Mattaj IW. . 1998a Curr. Biol. 8: 305–314.

  • Arts GJ, Kuersten S, Romby P, Ehresmann B and Mattaj IW. . 1998b EMBO J. 17: 7430–7441.

  • Beals CR, Clipstone NA, Ho SN and Crabtree GR. . 1997a Genes Dev. 11: 824–834.

  • Beals CR, Sheridan CM, Turck CW, Gardner P and Crabtree GR. . 1997b Science 275: 1930–1934.

  • Beg AA, Ruben SM, Scheinman RI, Haskill S, Rosen CA and Baldwin Jr AS. . 1992 Genes Dev. 6: 1899–1913.

  • Bellacosa A, Testa JR, Staal SP and Tsichlis PN. . 1991 Science 254: 274–277.

  • Bischoff FR and Gorlich D. . 1997 FEBS Lett. 419: 249–254.

  • Bottger A, Bottger V, Sparks A, Liu WL, Howard SF and Lane DP. . 1997 Curr. Biol. 7: 860–869.

  • Brautigan DL, Sunwoo J, Labbe JC, Fernandez A and Lamb NJ. . 1990 Nature 344: 74–78.

  • Brunet A, Bonni A, Zigmond MJ, Lin MZ, Juo P, Hu LS, Anderson MJ, Arden KC, Blenis J and Greenberg ME. . 1999 Cell 96: 857–868.

  • Burgering BM and Coffer PJ. . 1995 Nature 376: 599–602.

  • Cardone MH, Roy N, Stennicke HR, Salvesen GS, Franke TF, Stanbridge E, Frisch S and Reed JC. . 1998 Science 282: 1318–1321.

  • Cheng JQ, Godwin AK, Bellacosa A, Taguchi T, Franke TF, Hamilton TC, Tsichlis PN and Testa JR. . 1992 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 9267–9271.

  • Cheng JQ, Ruggeri B, Klein WM, Sonoda G, Altomare DA, Watson DK and Testa JR. . 1996 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 3636–3641.

  • Coffer PJ and Woodgett JR. . 1991 Eur. J. Biochem. 201: 475–481.

  • Cole CN and Hammell CM. . 1998 Curr. Biol. 8: R368–R372.

  • Corbett AH and Silver PA. . 1997 Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61: 193–211.

  • Crabtree GR. . 1999 Cell 96: 611–614.

  • Datta SR, Dudek H, Tao X, Masters S, Fu H, Gotoh Y and Greenberg ME. . 1997 Cell 91: 231–241.

  • del Peso L, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Page C, Herrera R and Nunez G. . 1997 Science 278: 687–689.

  • Dudek H, Datta SR, Franke TF, Birnbaum MJ, Yao R, Cooper GM, Segal RA, Kaplan DR and Greenberg ME. . 1997 Science 275: 661–665.

  • Engel K, Kotlyarov A and Gaestel M. . 1998 EMBO J. 17: 3363–3371.

  • Fernandez A, Brautigan DL and Lamb NJ. . 1992 J. Cell. Biol. 116: 1421–1430.

  • Ferrigno P, Posas F, Koepp D, Saito H and Silver PA. . 1998 EMBO J. 17: 5606–5614.

  • Fornerod M, Ohno M, Yoshida M and Mattaj IW. . 1997 Cell 90: 1051–1060.

  • Fuchs SY, Adler V, Pincus MR and Ronai Z. . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 10541–10546.

  • Fukuda M, Asano S, Nakamura T, Adachi M, Yoshida M, Yanagida M and Nishida E. . 1997a Nature 390: 308–311.

  • Fukuda M, Gotoh I, Adachi M, Gotoh Y and Nishida E. . 1997b J. Biol. Chem. 272: 32642–32648.

  • Fukuda M, Gotoh Y and Nishida E. . 1997c EMBO J. 16: 1901–1908.

  • Gaits F, Degols G, Shiozaki K and Russell P. . 1998 Genes Dev. 12: 1464–1473.

  • Gaits F and Russell P. . 1999 Mol. Biol. Cell 10: 1395–1407.

  • Ganchi PA, Sun SC, Greene WC and Ballard DW. . 1992 Mol. Biol. Cell. 3: 1339–1352.

  • Gorlich D. . 1998 EMBO J. 17: 2721–2727.

  • Gorlich D, Dabrowski M, Bischoff FR, Kutay U, Bork P, Hartmann E, Prehn S and Izaurralde E. . 1997 J. Cell. Biol. 138: 65–80.

  • Gorlich D and Mattaj IW. . 1996 Science 271: 1513–1518.

  • Gorlich D, Pante N, Kutay U, Aebi U and Bischoff FR. . 1996 EMBO J. 15: 5584–5594.

  • Haupt Y, Maya R, Kazaz A and Oren M. . 1997 Nature 387: 296–299.

  • Heck S, Lezoualc'h F, Engert S and Behl C. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 9828–9835.

  • Hellmuth K, Lau DM, Bischoff FR, Kunzler M, Hurt E and Simos G. . 1998 Mol. Cell. Biol. 18: 6374–6386.

  • Henkel T, Zabel U, van Zee K, Muller JM, Fanning E and Baeuerle PA. . 1992 Cell 68: 1121–1133.

  • Hood JK and Silver PA. . 1999 Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 11: 241–247.

  • Izaurralde E and Adam S. . 1998 Rna 4: 351–364.

  • Jones PF, Jakubowicz T and Hemmings BA. . 1991a Cell. Regul. 2: 1001–1009.

  • Jones PF, Jakubowicz T, Pitossi FJ, Maurer F and Hemmings BA. . 1991b Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 4171–4175.

  • Kaffman A, Rank NM, O'Neill EM, Huang LS and O'Shea EK. . 1998a Nature 396: 482–486.

  • Kaffman A, Rank NM and O'Shea EK. . 1998b Genes Dev. 12: 2673–2683.

  • Kamijo T, Weber JD, Zambetti G, Zindy F, Roussel MF and Sherr CJ. . 1998 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 8292–8297.

  • Kane LP, Shapiro VS, Stokoe D and Weiss A. . 1999 Curr. Biol. 9: 601–604.

  • Kauffmann-Zeh A, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Ulrich E, Gilbert C, Coffer P, Downward J and Evan G. . 1997 Nature 385: 544–548.

  • Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A and Gerace L. . 1998 J. Cell. Biol. 141: 863–874.

  • Kehlenbach RH, Dickmanns A, Kehlenbach A, Guan T and Gerace L. . 1999 J. Cell. Biol. 145: 645–657.

  • Khokhlatchev AV, Canagarajah B, Wilsbacher J, Robinson M, Atkinson M, Goldsmith E and Cobb MH. . 1998 Cell 93: 605–615.

  • Khwaja A, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Wennstrom S, Warne PH and Downward J. . 1997 EMBO J. 16: 2783–2793.

  • Koepp DM and Silver PA. . 1996 Cell 87: 1–4.

  • Koepp DM, Wong DH, Corbett AH and Silver PA. . 1996 J. Cell. Biol. 133: 1163–1176.

  • Krebber H, Taura T, Lee MS and Silver PA. . 1999 Genes Dev. 13: (in press).

  • Kubbutat MH, Jones SN and Vousden KH. . 1997 Nature 387: 299–303.

  • Kulik G, Klippel A and Weber MJ. . 1997 Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 1595–1606.

  • Kutay U, Lipowsky G, Izaurralde E, Bischoff FR, Schwarzmaier P, Hartmann E and Gorlich D. . 1998 Mol. Cell 1: 359–369.

  • Lane DP. . 1992 Nature 358: 15–16.

  • Lewis T, Groom LA, Sneddon AA, Smythe C and Keyse SM. . 1995 J. Cell. Sci. 108: 2885–2896.

  • Lopez-Girona A, Furnari B, Mondesert O and Russell P. . 1999 Nature 397: 172–175.

  • Mattaj IW and Englmeier L. . 1998 Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67: 265–306.

  • Meier R, Alessi DR, Cron P, Andjelkovic M and Hemmings BA. . 1997 J. Biol. Chem. 272: 30491–30497.

  • Melchior F and Gerace L. . 1998 Trends Cell. Biol. 8: 175–179.

  • Middeler G, Zerf K, Jenovai S, Thulig A, Tschodrich-Rotter M, Kubitscheck U and Peters R. . 1997 Oncogene 14: 1407–1417.

  • Moroianu J. . 1998 J. Cell. Biochem. 70: 231–239.

  • Neville M, Stutz F, Lee L, Davis LI and Rosbash M. . 1997 Curr. Biol. 7: 767–775.

  • Nigg EA. . 1997 Nature 386: 779–787.

  • Ohno M, Fornerod M and Mattaj IW. . 1998 Cell 92: 327–336.

  • Ossareh-Nazari B, Bachelerie F and Dargemont C. . 1997 Science 278: 141–144.

  • Park J, Yaseen NR, Hogan PG, Rao A and Sharma S. . 1995 J. Biol. Chem. 270: 20653–20659.

  • Pemberton LF, Blobel G and Rosenblum JS. . 1998 Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 10: 392–399.

  • Pomerantz J, Schreiber-Agus N, Liegeois NJ, Silverman A, Alland L, Chin L, Potes J, Chen K, Orlow I, Lee HW, Cordon-Cardo C and DePinho RA. . 1998 Cell 92: 713–723.

  • Rao A, Luo C and Hogan PG. . 1997 Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15: 707–747.

  • Reiser V, Ruis H and Ammerer G. . 1999 Mol. Biol. Cell. 10: 1147–1161.

  • Roth J, Dobbelstein M, Freedman DA, Shenk T and Levine AJ. . 1998 EMBO J. 17: 554–564.

  • Saavedra C, Tung KS, Amberg DC, Hopper AK and Cole CN. . 1996 Genes Dev. 10: 1608–1620.

  • Schaeffer HJ, Catling AD, Eblen ST, Collier LS, Krauss A and Weber MJ. . 1998 Science 281: 1668–1671.

  • Schlenstedt G, Smirnova E, Deane R, Solsbacher J, Kutay U, Gorlich D, Ponstingl H and Bischoff FR. . 1997 EMBO J. 16: 6237–6249.

  • Shaulsky G, Ben-Ze'ev A and Rotter V. . 1990 Oncogene 5: 1707–1711.

  • Shieh SY, Ikeda M, Taya Y and Prives C. . 1997 Cell 91: 325–334.

  • Silver PA. . 1991 Cell 64: 489–497.

  • Staal SP. . 1987 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 5034–5037.

  • Stade K, Ford CS, Guthrie C and Weis K. . 1997 Cell 90: 1041–1050.

  • Stokoe D, Campbell DG, Nakielny S, Hidaka H, Leevers SJ, Marshall C and Cohen P. . 1992 EMBO J. 11: 3985–3994.

  • Stommel JM, Marchenko ND, Jimenez GS, Moll UM, Hope TJ and Wahl GM. . 1999 EMBO J. 18: 1660–1672.

  • Stott FJ, Bates S, James MC, McConnell BB, Starborg M, Brookes S, Palmero I., Ryan K, Hara E, Vousden KH and Peters G. . 1998 EMBO J. 17: 5001–5014.

  • Sweet DJ and Gerace L. . 1996 J. Cell. Biol. 133: 971–983.

  • Tolwinski NS, Shapiro PS, Goueli S and Ahn NG. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 6168–6174.

  • Torgerson TR, Colosia AD, Donahue JP, Lin YZ and Hawiger J. . 1998 J. Immunol. 161: 6084–6092.

  • Turowski P, Fernandez A, Favre B, Lamb NJ and Hemmings BA. . 1995 J. Cell. Biol. 129: 397–410.

  • Turpin P, Hay RT and Dargemont C. . 1999 J. Biol. Chem. 274: 6804–6812.

  • Weis K, Dingwall C and Lamond AI. . 1996 EMBO J. 15: 7120–7128.

  • Yang J, Winkler K, Yoshida M and Kornbluth S. . 1999 EMBO J. 18: 2174–2183.

  • Zabel U, Henkel T, Silva MS and Baeuerle PA. . 1993 EMBO J. 12: 201–211.

  • Zha J, Harada H, Yang E, Jockel J and Korsmeyer SJ. . 1996 Cell 87: 619–628.

  • Zhu J and McKeon F. . 1999 Nature 398: 256–260.

  • Zhu J, Shibasaki F, Price R, Guillemot JC, Yano T, Dotsch V, Wagner G, Ferrara P and McKeon F. . 1998 Cell 93: 851–861.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ferrigno, P., Silver, P. Regulated nuclear localization of stress-responsive factors: how the nuclear trafficking of protein kinases and transcription factors contributes to cell survival. Oncogene 18, 6129–6134 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203132

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203132

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links