Abstract
Obesity can have an adverse impact on health at each stage of a woman's life cycle. In young women, obesity has an impact on psychosocial health and, as they grow older and become parents, on their reproductive health. Obesity also imposes a number of serious risks during pregnancy. In older women, obesity is associated with the emergence of a number of related chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and increased risk for almost all types of cancer. Of concern in the elderly is the increasing evidence that obesity is an independent risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Obesity also has a marked impact on life expectancy. The medical risks associated with obesity in women are also important for the woman's children and future generations. There is emerging evidence that nutrition during fetal and early life can influence risk for obesity and chronic diseases for both sexes.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, Sobol AM, Dietz WH . Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1008–1012.
Rich-Edwards JW, Goldman MB, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA et al. Adolescent body mass index and infertility caused by ovulatory disorder. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 171–177.
Wang JX, Davies M, Norman RJ . Body mass and probability of pregnancy during assisted reproduction treatment: retrospective study. BMJ 2000; 321: 1320–1321.
Subcommittee on Nutritional Status and Weight Gain During Pregnancy. Institute of Medicine. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Part I: Weight Gain, Part II: Nutrient Supplements. National Academy Press: Washington, DC, 1990.
WHO. Maternal anthropometry for prediction of pregnancy outcomes: Memorandum from a USAID/WHO/PAHO/MotherCare meeting. WHO Bull 1991; 69: 523–532.
Martorell R, Stein AD, Schroeder DG . Early nutrition and later adiposity. J Nutr 2001; 131: 874S–880S.
Linne Y . Effects of obesity on women's reproduction and complications during pregnancy. Obes Rev 2004; 5: 137–143.
Hanna FW, Peters JR . Screening for gestational diabetes; past, present and future. Diabet Med 2002; 19: 351–358.
O'Sullivan JB . Diabetes mellitus after GDM. Diabetes 1991; 40 (Suppl 2): 131–135.
Silverman BL, Metzger BE, Cho NH, Loeb CA . Impaired glucose tolerance in adolescent offspring of diabetic mothers. Relationship to fetal hyperinsulinism. Diabetes Care 1995; 18: 611–617.
Pettitt DJ, Knowler WC . Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment, birth weight, and breast-feeding in Pima Indians. Diabetes Care 1998; 21 (Suppl 2): B138–B141.
Pettitt DJ, Baird HR, Aleck KA, Bennett PH, Knowler WC . Excessive obesity in offspring of pima indian women with diabetes during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 242–245.
Willett WC, Dietz WH, Colditz GA . Guidelines for healthy weight. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 427–434.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.
Hamman RF, Wing RR, Edelstein SL, Lachin JM, Bray GA, Delahanty L et al. Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 2102–2107.
Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ . Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625–1638.
Vanhanen M, Koivisto K, Moilanen L, Helkala EL, Hanninen T, Soininen H et al. Association of metabolic syndrome with Alzheimer disease: a population-based study. Neurology 2006; 67: 843–847.
Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, Viitanen M, Kareholt I, Winblad B et al. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1556–1560.
Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, Steen B, Skoog I . An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1524–1528.
Gustafson D, Lissner L, Bengtsson C, Bjorkelund C, Skoog I . A 24-year follow-up of body mass index and cerebral atrophy. Neurology 2004; 63: 1876–1881.
Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L, NEDCOM, the Netherlands Epidemiology and Demography Compression of Morbidity Research Group. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 24–32.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ryan, D. Obesity in women: a life cycle of medical risk. Int J Obes 31 (Suppl 2), S3–S7 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803729
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803729
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells promote the malignant phenotype of cervical cancer
Scientific Reports (2020)
-
The early origins of obesity and insulin resistance: timing, programming and mechanisms
International Journal of Obesity (2016)
-
Socioeconomic disparities in prepregnancy BMI and impact on maternal and neonatal outcomes and postpartum weight retention: the EFHL longitudinal birth cohort study
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2014)
-
The protocol of a randomized controlled trial for playgroup mothers: Reminder on Food, Relaxation, Exercise, and Support for Health (REFRESH) Program
BMC Public Health (2011)
-
Physical activity in pregnancy: a qualitative study of the beliefs of overweight and obese pregnant women
BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2010)