Abstract
Objective:
Little is known concerning pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in weight loss and in childhood obesity.
Methods:
Fasting PP, leptin and insulin concentrations were determined in 38 obese children and compared with 35 lean children of the same age, gender and pubertal stage. Furthermore, changes of PP concentrations over a 1-year period were analyzed in the obese children participating in a weight loss intervention program.
Results:
Obese children had significantly (P<0.01) lower PP, and higher leptin and insulin levels compared to lean children. In multiple linear regression analysis, PP was significantly negatively correlated to body mass index (P<0.01), but not to leptin, insulin, age, gender and pubertal stage. Changes of PP did not significantly correlate to changes of insulin (r=0.07, P=0.343) and leptin (r=−0.02, P=0.459). The substantial weight loss in 17 children led to a significant (P<0.05) increase in PP and decrease in insulin and leptin. In the 21 children without substantial weight loss, there were no significant changes in PP, insulin and leptin.
Conclusions:
PP concentrations are decreased in obese children and independent of age, gender, pubertal stage, leptin and insulin. The decrease of PP in obese children normalized after weight loss. Therefore, low PP concentrations reflect the overweight status, rather than cause it.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
References
Wynne K, Stanley S, McGowan B, Bloom S . Appetite control. J Endocrinol 2005; 184: 291–318.
Wynne K, Stanley S, Bloom S . The gut and regulation of body weight. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2576–2582.
Murphy KG, Bloom SR . Gut hormones in the control of appetite. Exp Physiol 2004; 89: 507–516.
Small CJ, Bloom SR . Gut hormones and the control of appetite. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004; 15: 259–263.
Schwartz TW . Pancreatic polypeptide: a hormone under vagal control. Gastroenterology 1983; 85: 1411–1425.
Weyer C, Salbe AD, Lindsay RS, Pratley RE, Bogardus C, Tataranni PA . Exaggerated pancreatic polypeptide secretion in Pima Indians: can an increased parasympathetic drive to the pancreas contribute to hyperinsulinemia, obesity, and diabetes in humans? Metabolism 2001; 50: 223–230.
Vozarova de Courten B, Weyer C, Stefan N, Horton M, DelParigi A, Havel P et al. Parasympathetic blockade attenuates augmented pancreatic polypeptide but not insulin secretion in Pima Indians. Diabetes 2004; 53: 663–671.
Katsuura G, Asakawa A, Inui A . Roles of pancreatic polypeptide in regulation of food intake. Peptides 2002; 23: 323–329.
Asawaka A, Inui A, Ueno N, Fujino MA, Kasuga M . Mouse pancreatic polypeptide modulates food intake, while not influencing anxiety in mice. Peptide 1999; 20: 1445–1448.
Gettys TW, Garcia R, Savage K, Whitcomb DC, Kanayama S, Taylor IL . Insulin-sparing effects of pancreatic polypeptide in congenitally obese rodents. Pancreas 1991; 6: 46–53.
Asakawa A, Inui A, Yuzuriha H, Ueno N, Katsuura G, Fujimiya M et al. Characterization of the effects of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy balance. Gastroenterology 2003; 124: 1325–1336.
Ueno N, Inui A, Iwamoto M, Kaga T, Asakawa A, Okita M et al. Decreased food intake and body weight in pancreatic polypeptide-overexpressing mice. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 1427–1432.
Brunicardi FC, Chaiken RL, Ryan AS, Seymour NE, Hoffmann JA, Lebovitz HE et al. Pancreatic polypeptide administration improves abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with chronic pancreatitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81: 3566–3572.
Batterham RL, Le Roux CW, Cohen MA, Park A, Ellis SM, Patterson M et al. Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3989–3992.
Hazelwood RL . The pancreatic polypeptide (PP-fold) family: gastrointestinal, vascular, and feeding behavorial implications. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1993; 202: 44–63.
Wisen O, Bjorvell H, Cantor P, Johansson C, Theodorsson E . Plasma concentrations of regulatory peptides in obesity following modified sham feeding (MSF) and a liquid test meal. Regul Pept 1992; 39: 43–54.
Pieramico O, Malfertheiner P, Nelson DK, Glasbrenner B, Ditschuneit H . Interdigestive cycling and post-prandial release of pancreatic polypeptide in severe obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1990; 14: 1005–1011.
Meryn S, Stein D, Straus EW . Pancreatic polypeptide, pancreatic glucagon and enteroglucagon in morbid obesity and following gastric bypass operation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1986; 10: 37–42.
Lassmann V, Vague P, Vialettes B, Simon MC . Low plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide in obesity. Diabetes 1980; 29: 428–430.
Glaser B, Zoghlin G, Pienta K, Vinik AI . Pancreatic polypeptide response to secretin in obesity: effects of glucose intolerance. Horm Metab Res 1988; 20: 288–292.
Marco J, Zulueta MA, Correas I, Villanueva ML . Reduced pancreatic polypeptide secretion in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 50: 744–747.
Meryn S, Stein D, Straus EW . Fasting- and meal-stimulated peptide hormone concentrations before and after gastric surgery for morbid obesity. Metabolism 1986; 35: 798–802.
Schrumpf E, Linnestad P, Nygaard K, Giercksky KE, Fausa O . Pancreatic polypeptide secretion before and after gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 1009–1014.
Miskowiak J, Andersen B, Stadil F, Fahrenkrug J . Meal stimulated levels of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in gastroplasty for morbid obesity. Regul Pept 1985; 12: 231–236.
Druce MR, Small CJ, Bloom SR . Minireview: Gut peptides regulating satiety. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 2660–2665.
Reinehr T, Brylak K, Alexy U, Kersting M, Andler W . Predictors to success in outpatient training in obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 1087–1092.
Reinehr T, Kersting M, Alexy U, Andler W . Long-term follow-up of overweight children: after training, after a single consultation session and without treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003; 37: 72–74.
Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Wabitsch M, Geller F, Ziegler A, Geiß HC, Hesse V et al. Percentiles of body mass index in children and adolescents evaluated from different regional German studies. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2001; 149: 807–818.
Cole TJ . The LMS method for constructing normalized growth standards. Eur J Clin Nutr 1990; 44: 45–60.
Slaughter MH, Lohman TG, Boileau RA, Horswill CA, Stillman RJ, Van Loan MD et al. Skinfold equations for estimation of body fatness in children and youth. Hum Biol 1988; 60: 709–723.
Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC . Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412–419.
Reinehr T, Kiess W, Kapellen T, Andler W . Insulin sensitivity in obese children and adolescents according to degree of weight loss. Pediatrics 2004; 114: 1569–1573.
Reinehr T, Andler W . Changes in the atherogenic risk-factor profile according to degree of reduction of overweight. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89: 419–422.
Koska J, Delparigi A, de Courten B, Weyer C, Tataranni PA . Pancreatic polypeptide is involved in the regulation of body weight in Pima Indian male subjects. Diabetes 2004; 53: 3091–3096.
Drent ML, Popp-Snijders C, Ader HJ, Jansen JB, van der Veen EA . Lipase inhibition and hormonal status, body composition and gastrointestinal processing of a liquid high-fat mixed meal in moderately obese subjects. Obes Res 1995; 3: 573–581.
Floyd JC . Human pancreatic polypeptide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; 8: 379–399.
Hansen BC, Jen KL, Pek SB, Wolfe RA . Fluctuations in basal plasma levels of pancreatic polypeptide in monkeys and humans. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: R739–R747.
Holst JJ, Schwartz TW, Lovgreen NA, Pedersen O, Beck-Nielsen H . Diurnal profile of pancreatic polypeptide, pancreatic glucagon, gut glucagon and insulin in human morbid obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1983; 7: 529–538.
Lieverse RJ, Masclee AA, Jansen JB, Lamers CB . Plasma cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide secretion in response to bombesin, meal ingestion and modified sham feeding in lean and obese persons. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1994; 18: 123–127.
Wallace TM, Matthews DR . The assessment of insulin resistance in man. Diabetes Med 2002; 19: 527–534.
Sichert-Hellert W, Kersting M, Schöch G . Underreporting of energy intake in 1 to 18 year old German children and adolescents. Z Ernährungswiss 1998; 37: 242–251.
Acknowledgements
We thank R Maslak, Children's Hospital University of Bonn, for her kind support in the laboratory. This work has been supported by the Bonfor Research Foundation, University of Bonn, Germany and by NIH RR0163 and DK 62202.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Reinehr, T., Enriori, P., Harz, K. et al. Pancreatic polypeptide in obese children before and after weight loss. Int J Obes 30, 1476–1481 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803393
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803393
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
A comparison of the satiating properties of medium-chain triglycerides and conjugated linoleic acid in participants with healthy weight and overweight or obesity
European Journal of Nutrition (2021)
-
Influence of endurance training-induced weight loss on the levels of ghrelin and obestatin of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Sport Sciences for Health (2020)
-
Altered gut and adipose tissue hormones in overweight and obese individuals: cause or consequence?
International Journal of Obesity (2016)
-
Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain
International Journal of Obesity (2015)
-
The gut sensor as regulator of body weight
Endocrine (2015)