Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Paper
  • Published:

Added thermogenic and satiety effects of a mixed nutrient vs a sugar-only beverage

International Journal of Obesity volume 28, pages 248–253 (2004)Cite this article

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a sugar-only (SO) beverage vs one containing a mixed-nutrient (MN) composition on energy expenditure and feelings of hunger and satiety.

HYPOTHESIS: A beverage containing a mixed macronutrient composition will lead to greater thermic effect of food and feelings of fullness than an isocaloric beverage containing only sugar.

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Adults were randomly assigned to receive a 2510 kJ (600 kcal) SO liquid formula followed by an isovolumic, isoenergetic, MN liquid formula with an energy distribution of 17% protein, 67% carbohydrates as sucrose and corn syrup solids, and 16% fat, or vice versa, in a crossover design. The carbohydrate source in the two beverages was identical: 1:1 ratio of sucrose and corn syrup solids (25 dextrose equivalents). The thermic response was calculated as the 7 h deviation from resting metabolic rate (RMR). Subjects provided hunger/satiety ratings and other related information by visual analog scales at regular intervals throughout the study period.

RESULTS: In all, 20 subjects completed the protocol; one was removed from the thermic effect analysis due to discrepant RMRs. Following beverage ingestion, SO and MN liquid meals produced 7 h thermic effects of (X±s.e.m.) 274.1±27.6 kJ (65.5±6.6 kcal) and 372.0±33.9 kJ (88.9±8.1 kcal), respectively, resulting in a significant (P<0.01) difference between meals (Δ=97.9±35.1 kJ [23.4±8.4 kcal]). Analysis of satiety ratings using area under the curve analysis showed greater feelings of satiety (P<0.05) with MN compared to SO consumption. Also, subjects felt that they could eat less (P<0.05) after consumption of the MN vs SO beverage.

DISCUSSION: In comparison to MN beverages, SO beverages are associated with a relatively high-energy retention without accompanying subjective hunger/fullness compensations, suggesting a basis for their role in long-term unintentional weight gain in healthy adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nielsen SJ, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM . Trends in energy intake in US between 1977 and 1996: similar shifts seen across age groups. Obes Res 2002; 10: 370–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL . Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001; 357: 505–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD . Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 794–800.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dubois EF . Carbohydrate, fat and protein. In: Dubois EF (ed) Basal metabolism in health and disease. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia; 1936. pp 14–50.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bellisle F, Rolland-Cachera MF . How sugar-containing drinks might increase adiposity in children [commentary]. Lancet 2001; 357: 490–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Birch LL, McPhee L, Sullivan S . Children's food intake following drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame: time course effects. Physiol Behav 1989; 45: 387–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Belko AZ, Barbieri TF, Wong EC . Effect of energy and protein intake and exercise intensity on the thermic effect of food. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 863–869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Eisenstein J, Roberts SB, Dallal G, Saltzman E . High-protein weight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr Rev 2002; 60: 189–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Weir JB . New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. Nutrition 1990; 6: 213–221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kissileff HR, Wentzlaff TH, Guss JL, Walsh BT, Devlin MJ, Thornton JC . A direct measure of satiety disturbance in patients with bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 1077–1085.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD . Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 55–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Luscombe ND, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Parker B, Wittert G . Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 652–657.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mikkelsen PB, Toubro S, Astrup A . Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 1135–1141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pietrobelli A, Allison DB, Heshka S, Heo M, Wang ZM, Bertkau A, Laferrere B, Rosenbaum M, Aloia JF, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB . Sexual dimorphism in the energy content of weight change. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1339–1348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schutz Y, Bray G, Margen S . Postprandial thermogenesis at rest and during exercise in elderly men ingesting two levels of protein. J Am Coll Nutr 1987; 6: 497–506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Latner JD, Schwartz M . The effects of a high-carbohydrate, high-protein or balanced lunch upon later food intake and hunger ratings. Appetite 1999; 33: 119–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. St Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt TE, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH . Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104: 1869–1874.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. De Graaf C, Hulshof T, Weststrate JA, Jas P . Short-term effects of different amounts of protein, fats, and carbohydrates on satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 33–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Holt SHA, Sandona N, Brand-Miller JC . The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000; 51: 59–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Moller AC, Astrup A . Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 721–729.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Supported by NIH grant # DK PO1-42618, a grant-in-aid from Mead Johnson Nutritional Division, and fellowship funding for M-P St-O by Bristol Myers Squibb–Mead Johnson.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Obesity Research Center, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    M-P St-Onge, F Rubiano, W F DeNino, A Jones Jr, D Greenfield & S B Heymsfield

  2. Division of Adult Nutrition, Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN, USA

    P W Ferguson & S Akrabawi

Authors
  1. M-P St-Onge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F Rubiano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W F DeNino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A Jones Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D Greenfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P W Ferguson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S Akrabawi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. S B Heymsfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S B Heymsfield.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

St-Onge, MP., Rubiano, F., DeNino, W. et al. Added thermogenic and satiety effects of a mixed nutrient vs a sugar-only beverage. Int J Obes 28, 248–253 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802560

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802560

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links