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Article
| Open AccessHow frictional slip evolves
Conventionally, a continuous motion or “dynamic friction” is expected to take place after the initial rupture under friction. Here, the authors perform direct measurement of real contact and slip at the frictional interface and show that the secondary rupture takes place after each initial rupture.
- Songlin Shi
- , Meng Wang
- & Jay Fineberg
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Article
| Open AccessGlobal distribution and dynamics of muddy coasts
14% of the world’s coastlines are muddy and the majority of them are eroding at rates exceeding 1 m per year over the last three decades, according to an automated classification method that identifies global coastlines.
- Romy Hulskamp
- , Arjen Luijendijk
- & Stefan Aarninkhof
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Article
| Open AccessSeismic arrival-time picking on distributed acoustic sensing data using semi-supervised learning
In this study, the authors develop a semi-supervised approach to train a deep learning model, PhaseNet-DAS, for identifying seismic phases in Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data, which enables detecting and locating earthquakes using fiber-optic networks.
- Weiqiang Zhu
- , Ettore Biondi
- & Zhongwen Zhan
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Article
| Open AccessThe emergence of modern zoogeographic regions in Asia examined through climate–dental trait association patterns
The timing of the emergence of the modern Asian terrestrial biota is unclear. Here, the authors apply redescription mining to herbivore dental trait data, finding that different aspects of modern zoogeographic patterns originated in the Pliocene and Middle and Late Miocene.
- Liping Liu
- , Esther Galbrun
- & Indrė Žliobaitė
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Article
| Open AccessWidespread PREMA in the upper mantle indicated by low-degree basaltic melts
PREMA, the highly fusible Prevalent Mantle now found throughout the mantle, may have been generated soon after Earth’s accretion with minimal subsequent modification, according to a combination of composition data from Cenozoic sodic basalts and mantle convection simulations
- Ronghua Cai
- , Jingao Liu
- & Senan Oesch
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Article
| Open AccessInner core static tilt inferred from intradecadal oscillation in the Earth’s rotation
A static tilt of some 0.17° between the rotation axes of the solid inner core and the mantle is inferred from the observed approximate 8.5 year periodic inner core wobble in both polar motion and length-of-day variations of the Earth’s rotation.
- Yachong An
- , Hao Ding
- & Weiping Jiang
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Article
| Open AccessReconciling patterns of long-term topographic growth with coseismic uplift by synchronous duplex thrusting
Deciphering the relationship between prolonged topographic growth and temporary earthquake uplift is challenging due to the mismatch in their deformation patterns. Zhang et al. introduce a novel model to address this highly hotly-debated discrepancy.
- Yuqing Zhang
- , Hanlin Chen
- & Xiu Hu
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Article
| Open AccessChanges in orogenic style and surface environment recorded in Paleoproterozoic foreland successions
Two different styles of orogenesis during the Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic are recorded in the depositional-to-deformational evolution of the orogenic foreland of the North China Craton, and would have differently changed the surface environment.
- Bo Huang
- , Man Liu
- & Qunye Qian
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Article
| Open AccessVertical tearing of subducting plates controlled by geometry and rheology of oceanic plates
Vertical tearing promotes continuous segmentation of subducting plates, but its dynamics and physical controls remain debated. This work indicates that trench geometry and plate rheology control the self-sustained process of vertical tearing.
- Yaguang Chen
- , Hanlin Chen
- & Taras Gerya
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Article
| Open AccessVolcaniclastic density currents explain widespread and diverse seafloor impacts of the 2022 Hunga Volcano eruption
During the 2022 Hunga Volcano eruption, 10 km3 of seafloor material was removed, fueling long-run out seafloor density currents. These powerful currents damaged seafloor cables over a length of >100 km, reshaped the seafloor, and caused mass-mortality of seafloor life.
- Sarah Seabrook
- , Kevin Mackay
- & Michael J. M. Williams
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Article
| Open AccessMonths-long seismicity transients preceding the 2023 MW 7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake, Türkiye
Unique seismic transients since 2014 were detected during 8 months before the 2023 MW 7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault. They are consistent with experiments and models of heterogeneous rupture affecting multiple fault segments.
- G. Kwiatek
- , P. Martínez-Garzón
- & M. Bohnhoff
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Article
| Open AccessBony-fish-like scales in a Silurian maxillate placoderm
The origin and early evolution of large scales in bony fishes and small scales in cartilaginous fishes are unclear. Here, the authors report a 425-million-year-old fish, Entelognathus, with a mosaic of scale and fin spine characters.
- Xindong Cui
- , Matt Friedman
- & Min Zhu
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Article
| Open AccessMelting and defect transitions in FeO up to pressures of Earth’s core-mantle boundary
Multi-technique synchrotron measurements support the viability of solid FeO-rich structures at Earth’s mantle base. An order-disorder transition identified in the iron defect structure of FeO may lead to unique physical properties in the region.
- Vasilije V. Dobrosavljevic
- , Dongzhou Zhang
- & Jennifer M. Jackson
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Article
| Open AccessPaleogene India-Eurasia collision constrained by observed plate rotation
Dynamic 3D modelling of counterclockwise rotation of the Indian plate, which peaked at 52-44 and 33-20 Ma, reveals the diachronous India-Eurasia collision from western-centre to east since 55 ± 5 Ma and complete collision since 40 ± 5 Ma.
- Xiaoyue Wu
- , Jiashun Hu
- & Lijun Liu
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Article
| Open AccessNear-surface magma flow instability drives cyclic lava fountaining at Fagradalsfjall, Iceland
This study of volcanic gas chemistry during pulsatory lava fountaining at Fagradalsfjall volcano in Iceland reveals that the intermittency stems from pressure cycles and gas-melt separation within a shallow magma-filled cavity.
- Samuel Scott
- , Melissa Pfeffer
- & Andri Stefánsson
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Article
| Open AccessDiamond preservation in the lithospheric mantle recorded by olivine in kimberlites
Correlation between olivine compositions and diamond grades in kimberlites worldwide indicates better diamond preservation in the mantle minimally affected by carbonate-rich melts and shows that olivine geochemistry is a tool for diamond exploration.
- Andrea Giuliani
- , David Phillips
- & Zdislav Spetsius
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Article
| Open AccessIncreasing ocean wave energy observed in Earth’s seismic wavefield since the late 20th century
Ocean waves induce geographically extensive seafloor forces that excite a continuous and globally detectable seismic wavefield. This study infers global near-coastal average wave energy intensification at a rate of 0.27% per year since the late 1980’s, and 0.35% per year since January 2000.
- Richard C. Aster
- , Adam T. Ringler
- & Thomas A. Lee
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Article
| Open AccessGlobal climate forcing on late Miocene establishment of the Pampean aeolian system in South America
Wind-blown dust accumulation in central South America began during a period of global cooling and has persisted for millions of years. This corresponds with the expansion of the Chinese Loess Plateau and is consistent with bihemispheric forcing.
- Blake Stubbins
- , Andrew L. Leier
- & Mary Kate Fidler
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Article
| Open AccessAmbient noise differential adjoint tomography reveals fluid-bearing rocks near active faults in Los Angeles
A new study enhances investigates in the groundwater (Silverado) aquifer in urban Los Angeles using a new method from earth’s ambient ground vibrations. The authors find slow S wave velocity corresponds to fluid-bearing rocks, some of which are near active faults.
- Xin Liu
- , Gregory C. Beroza
- & Hongyi Li
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| Open AccessCascading events during the 1650 tsunamigenic eruption of Kolumbo volcano
Three-dimensional seismic data is used to reconstruct the flank collapse of Kolombo volcano in 1650, which led to a catastrophic tsunami event.
- Jens Karstens
- , Gareth J. Crutchley
- & Christian Berndt
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Article
| Open AccessAn ancient river landscape preserved beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet
Using satellite and survey data, an ancient river landscape 300 km wide has been discovered buried and preserved beneath the ice in East Antarctica. It has likely survived largely intact for up to 34 million years since before ice sheet growth.
- Stewart S. R. Jamieson
- , Neil Ross
- & Martin J. Siegert
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| Open AccessMagmatic connectivity among six Galápagos volcanoes revealed by satellite geodesy
Reddin et al. use satellite radar to measure deformation at six Galápagos volcanoes. They observe correlated deformation signals between multiple volcanoes and attribute them to temporally varying plume supply into interconnected magmatic systems.
- Eoin Reddin
- , Susanna K. Ebmeier
- & Santiago Aguaiza
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Article
| Open AccessDeterministic full-scenario analysis for maximum credible earthquake hazards
Deterministic numerical simulations are employed to study the maximum credible earthquake hazard for a specific fault. The method is then applied for seismic hazard analysis at the Xiluodu dam in China, and its potential for earthquake engineering is evaluated.
- Xiang-Chao Wang
- , Jin-Ting Wang
- & Chu-Han Zhang
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Matters Arising
| Open AccessReply to: Reported ultra-low lava viscosities from the 2021 La Palma eruption are potentially biased
- J. M. Castro
- & Y. Feisel
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Matters Arising
| Open AccessReported ultra-low lava viscosities from the 2021 La Palma eruption are potentially biased
- Guillem Gisbert
- , Valentin R. Troll
- & Juan Carlos Carracedo
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Article
| Open AccessSmall-scale layered structures at the inner core boundary
Seismologists discover locally laminated complex ICB structure beneath Asia with new dataset of pre-critical PKiKP waveforms, which might be explained by either a kilometer thick mushy zone, or the localized coexistence of bcc and hcp iron phase.
- Baolong Zhang
- , Sidao Ni
- & Zhongqing Wu
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Article
| Open AccessGarnet microstructures suggest ultra-fast decompression of ultrahigh-pressure rocks
Radial cracks observed in minerals formed at ultrahigh pressure and now found at the Earth’s surface are explained by ultrafast decompression, which challenges the idea of fast and significant displacement of rocks during their exhumation.
- Cindy Luisier
- , Lucie Tajčmanová
- & Thibault Duretz
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Comment
| Open AccessSeismic insights into Earth’s core
Seismological advances are presented and summarized to study the Earth’s core.
- Lauren Waszek
- , Jessica Irving
- & Hrvoje Tkalčić
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Article
| Open AccessDrainage explains soil liquefaction beyond the earthquake near-field
Soil-liquefaction is a catastrophic seismic hazard, usually attributed to poor drainage. Here the authors show that liquefaction driven by fluid drainage explains puzzling triggering far from the earthquake source, where shaking is less energetic
- Shahar Ben-Zeev
- , Liran Goren
- & Einat Aharonov
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Article
| Open AccessUpper-plate conduits linked to plate boundary that hosts slow earthquakes
Vertical fluid pathways in the upper plate of the Hyuga-nada subduction zone, Japan, facilitate upward fluid migration from the plate boundary that host slow earthquakes and produce seafloor mud volcanoes.
- Ryuta Arai
- , Seiichi Miura
- & Kyoko Okino
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Article
| Open AccessEmplacement of the Argyle diamond deposit into an ancient rift zone triggered by supercontinent breakup
The Argyle deposit erupted 1.3 billion years ago into an ancient rift at the edge of a craton. Argyle coincided with supercontinent breakup, highlighting the link between diamond emplacement, former rifts and continental breakup.
- Hugo K. H. Olierook
- , Denis Fougerouse
- & Michael T. D. Wingate
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Article
| Open AccessBroad fault zones enable deep fluid transport and limit earthquake magnitudes
Geophysical data from Chain Transform Fault reveal that broad damage zones preferentially facilitate fluid transport that cools the mantle, increasing earthquake depths. Fluids weaken the fault and segment it, limiting earthquake magnitudes.
- Konstantinos Leptokaropoulos
- , Catherine A. Rychert
- & Satish C. Singh
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Article
| Open AccessHigh Arctic channel incision modulated by climate change and the emergence of polygonal ground
Accelerating global warming is driving profound Arctic environmental change. The authors show that the structure and evolution of new stream networks are influenced by the evolving character of geometric ground patterns related to the response of permafrost to recent climate change.
- Shawn M. Chartrand
- , A. Mark Jellinek
- & Shannon Hibbard
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Article
| Open AccessEarthquake-enhanced dissolved carbon cycles in ultra-deep ocean sediments
Earthquakes enhance dissolved carbon production and fuel the microbial activities in hadal trench subsurface sediments, and ultimately strengthen carbon accumulation and transformation in the subduction zones.
- Mengfan Chu
- , Rui Bao
- & Sarah Zellers
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Article
| Open AccessComplex multi-fault rupture and triggering during the 2023 earthquake doublet in southeastern Türkiye
Kinematic models for the two major earthquakes on February 6, 2023 along the East Anatolian Fault Zone reveal complex multi-fault rupture and the plausible triggering of the doublet aftershock by the first event. (*couldn’t find author-written summary)
- Chengli Liu
- , Thorne Lay
- & Ceyhun Erman
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Article
| Open AccessIndian Ocean glacial deoxygenation and respired carbon accumulation during mid-late Quaternary ice ages
Ocean oxygenation regulates respired carbon storage and atmospheric CO2. This study applied a novel analysis using magnetic nanoparticle fossils and found glacial Indian Ocean oxygen decline and carbon accumulation to explain recent climate cycles.
- Liao Chang
- , Babette A. A. Hoogakker
- & Richard J. Harrison
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Article
| Open AccessMulti-proxy evidence for sea level fall at the onset of the Eocene-Oligocene transition
Sea level fall with the growth of the Antarctic Ice Sheet 34 million years ago, and the shift in nutrients and carbon from continental margins to the ocean, initially provided a negative feedback that slowed global cooling and ice sheet expansion.
- Marcelo A. De Lira Mota
- , Tom Dunkley Jones
- & James Bendle
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| Open AccessPhysical state of water controls friction of gabbro-built faults
Earthquakes often originate along faults in the presence of hot and pressurized water. Experiments conducted on simulated faults reveal that the physical state of water (liquid, vapor or supercritical) controls the frictional resistance of faults.
- Wei Feng
- , Lu Yao
- & Giulio Di Toro
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Article
| Open AccessLate Cambrian geomagnetic instability after the onset of inner core nucleation
An 80 thousand-year-long period of extreme non-geocentric dipole magnetic fields is recorded in Late Cambrian carbonate rocks of South China, suggesting that 495 million years ago Earth’s inner core had not grown large enough to stabilize the dynamo.
- Yong-Xiang Li
- , John A. Tarduno
- & Zhenyu Yang
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| Open AccessAn estimate of absolute shear-wave speed in the Earth’s inner core
Observations of seismic waves that traverse the Earth’s inner core as shear waves are critical to understand inner core properties. Here, the authors present several seismological observations of shear waves and estimate an absolute shear wave speed in the inner core.
- Thuany Costa de Lima
- , Thanh-Son Phạm
- & Hrvoje Tkalčić
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Article
| Open AccessBasin record of a Miocene lithosphere drip beneath the Colorado Plateau
He & Kapp link an ancient basin high on the Colorado Plateau to lithospheric dripping deep beneath it. They show that this ephemeral process is visible not only via geophysical snapshots in the present, but also leaves imprints in the geologic record.
- John J. Y. He
- & Paul Kapp
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Article
| Open AccessNew constraints on Ti diffusion in quartz and the priming of silicic volcanic eruptions
Titanium diffusion profiles in quartz record the duration of magmatic processes. Here, the authors use a novel way to constrain Ti diffusion coefficients and apply them to determine the time scales involved in the priming of volcanic eruptions.
- Andreas Audétat
- , Axel K. Schmitt
- & Yongjun Lu
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Article
| Open AccessEarthquake focal mechanisms with distributed acoustic sensing
Determining earthquake faulting orientation is essential for understanding earthquake-stress interactions. Here, the authors present a technique that leverages telecom fiber optic cables to improve the estimation of this fundamental parameter.
- Jiaxuan Li
- , Weiqiang Zhu
- & Zhongwen Zhan
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Article
| Open AccessFluid-assisted grain size reduction leads to strain localization in oceanic transform faults
Deformed mantle rocks exhumed by oceanic transform faults recorded fluid-assisted ductile deformation at high temperatures and pressures, corresponding to the root of the fault. This deformation mechanism controls deep faulting at plate boundaries.
- Manon Bickert
- , Mary-Alix Kaczmarek
- & Susanna E. Sichel
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Article
| Open AccessEvidence for compositionally distinct upper mantle plumelets since the early history of the Tristan-Gough hotspot
Geochemical zonation of the Tristan-Gough hotspot track has been demonstrated for the conjugate Rio Grande Rise on the South American Plate, suggesting geochemically distinct Tristan and Gough plumelets existed since the plume head/tail transition.
- Stephan Homrighausen
- , Kaj Hoernle
- & Jörg Geldmacher
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Article
| Open AccessMagmatic surge requires two-stage model for the Laramide orogeny
New and existing age data show active arc processes in Southern California during the beginning of the Laramide orogeny, which require a two-stage process and challenge the oceanic plateau collision paradigm.
- Joshua J. Schwartz
- , Jade Star Lackey
- & Jonathan D. Bixler
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Article
| Open AccessForeshock properties illuminate nucleation processes of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes
Laboratory experiments demonstrate that prior to fast laboratory earthquakes the fault begins to unlock and creep, causing foreshocks to coalesce in both space and time. This demonstrates that the evolution of foreshocks is closely connected to the fault slip velocity.
- David C. Bolton
- , Chris Marone
- & Daniel T. Trugman
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Article
| Open AccessUsing a physics-informed neural network and fault zone acoustic monitoring to predict lab earthquakes
When attempting to predict laboratory quakes with a small amount of training data, a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN) outperforms purely data-driven models. PINN models also improve transfer learning when applied to a similar, yet differing dataset.
- Prabhav Borate
- , Jacques Rivière
- & Parisa Shokouhi
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Article
| Open AccessQuality evaluation of ground improvement by deep cement mixing piles via ground-penetrating radar
Subgrade settlement is a serious distress which poses a huge threat to the service life and operation safety of roads. Here, authors propose the application of ground-penetrating radar as technical solution for the quality evaluation of ground improvement in soft soil subgrade reinforcement engineering.
- Hongyan Shen
- , Xinsheng Li
- & Yueying Yan