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| Open AccessSpectro-temporal acoustical markers differentiate speech from song across cultures
What features distinguish speech from song? Here, the authors show that consistent acoustical spectro-temporal features are sufficient to distinguish speech and song across different societies throughout the world.
- Philippe Albouy
- , Samuel A. Mehr
- & Robert J. Zatorre
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| Open AccessGeneral mechanisms of task engagement in the primate frontal cortex
Intrinsic motivational fluctuation can lead to complete disengagement in the real world. Here, the authors built a model predicting such behaviors and examined neural activity as macaques spontaneously disengage, identifying a network of frontal regions regulating engagement and motivation.
- Jan Grohn
- , Nima Khalighinejad
- & Nils Kolling
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| Open AccessPlanum temporale asymmetry in newborn monkeys predicts the future development of gestural communication’s handedness
The planum temporale is a key structure in the human language network. Here the authors show that planum temporale asymmetry at birth in baboons predicts the development of communicative right-hand use, which suggests some common features in the wiring of communicative properties between species.
- Yannick Becker
- , Romane Phelipon
- & Adrien Meguerditchian
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| Open AccessCoexistence of state, choice, and sensory integration coding in barrel cortex LII/III
It is an open question whether choice signals in primary sensory areas have a causal influence on an animal’s perception. Here, the authors show that early sensory representations in the neocortex can be selectively manipulated to bias perception during discrimination behavior.
- Pierre-Marie Gardères
- , Sébastien Le Gal
- & Florent Haiss
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| Open AccessSynergizing habits and goals with variational Bayes
Intelligent agents can perform two types of behavior, habitual and goal-directed. The authors propose a deep learning framework using a variational Bayes approach, which computationally explains many aspects of the interaction between the two types of behaviors in sensorimotor tasks.
- Dongqi Han
- , Kenji Doya
- & Jun Tani
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| Open AccessNeuronal activation sequences in lateral prefrontal cortex encode visuospatial working memory during virtual navigation
The neural codes underlying working memory are not fully understood. Here the authors recorded neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex of male macaque monkeys, during a working memory task, and identify activation sequences that encode target locations in the task.
- Alexandra Busch
- , Megan Roussy
- & Julio C. Martinez-Trujillo
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| Open AccessGraded decisions in the human brain
Whether decisions are made in a graded or all-or-none fashion remains unclear. Here, the authors provide evidence to suggest that decisions conclude in a graded, rather than a binary, manner, thus providing an analog framework for flexible choice behavior.
- Tao Xie
- , Markus Adamek
- & Jan Kubanek
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| Open AccessHeuristics in risky decision-making relate to preferential representation of information
Individuals differ in how they weight probability and reward information when making risky choices. Here, the authors use magnetoencephalography to test whether such variation is related to how information is neurally represented during choice evaluation.
- Evan M. Russek
- , Rani Moran
- & Quentin J. M. Huys
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| Open AccessInformation-based TMS to mid-lateral prefrontal cortex disrupts action goals during emotional processing
The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is thought to maintain goal-relevant representations that promote cognitive control, but causal evidence has been limited. By targeting action-goal representations in LPFC with transcranial magnetic stimulation and fMRI, the authors found that LPFC promotes goal oriented behaviour during emotional processing. Reviewer recognition:
- R. C. Lapate
- , M. K. Heckner
- & M. D’Esposito
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| Open AccessCingulate microstimulation induces negative decision-making via reduced top-down influence on primate fronto-cingulo-striatal network
The neuronal mechanism of how the prefrontal cortex exerts top-down influence on the cingulo-striatal network during decision-making in depressive states is not fully understood. Here authors showed that negative bias in decision-making can be artificially induced via stimulating such neural network and they observed diminished top-down influences correlating with the depressive state.
- Satoko Amemori
- , Ann M. Graybiel
- & Ken-ichi Amemori
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| Open AccessPrimacy of vision shapes behavioral strategies and neural substrates of spatial navigation in marmoset hippocampus
How diurnal primates develop exploration-navigation strategy and how the physiology of primate hippocampus is shaped in navigation are not fully understood. Here authors show that marmosets adapted their navigation strategies to their diurnal ecological niche. Notably, marmoset hippocampal neurons are specialized for encoding combinations of view, head direction and place, and that theta oscillations are triggered by rapid head-gaze movements.
- Diego B. Piza
- , Benjamin W. Corrigan
- & Julio Martinez-Trujillo
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| Open AccessChildren exhibit superior memory for attended but outdated information compared to adults
Children typically exhibit weaker memory than adults. Here, the authors report a developmental reversal-like phenomenon that children show better memory for attended but outdated information, suggesting underdeveloped memory selection in children.
- Yingtao Fu
- , Tingyu Guo
- & Hui Chen
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| Open AccessConsensus-building conversation leads to neural alignment
Conversation is a primary means of social influence, but its effects on the brain aren’t well-understood. Here, the authors find evidence that people who are central in their social networks facilitate consensus-building conversations that align future brain activity.
- Beau Sievers
- , Christopher Welker
- & Thalia Wheatley
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| Open AccessShared EEG correlates between non-REM parasomnia experiences and dreams
Sleepwalking and related parasomnias are associated with partial awakenings out of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Here the authors show that when sleepwalkers have dream-like experiences during their episodes, they display brain activity patterns that resemble those previously described for dreams.
- Jacinthe Cataldi
- , Aurélie M. Stephan
- & Francesca Siclari
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| Open AccessMultiplexed representation of others in the hippocampal CA1 subfield of female mice
How the position of conspecifics is represented in the brain is not fully understood. Here authors show that the position of conspecifics is represented relative to self-position in the hippocampus of female mice, which is modulated by context and identity and improved through learning.
- Xiang Zhang
- , Qichen Cao
- & Chenglin Miao
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| Open AccessEye movements track prioritized auditory features in selective attention to natural speech
Anatomical overlap of respective brain regions suggests a joint network for attention and eye movements. Here, the authors show that gaze aligns with the acoustics of attended natural speech and differentiates between a target and a distractor in a cocktail party scenario.
- Quirin Gehmacher
- , Juliane Schubert
- & Nathan Weisz
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| Open AccessGoal-directed and flexible modulation of syllable sequence within birdsong
Birdsong contains strings of syllables and is essential for their communication. Using a new song decoder to annotates song in a quasi-real-time manner, and rewarding specific syllable sequences, this study shows Bengalese finches can flexibly modify the content of their song in a goal-directed way.
- Takuto Kawaji
- , Mizuki Fujibayashi
- & Kentaro Abe
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| Open AccessAltered grid-like coding in early blind people
The contribution of visual experience to the formation of cognitive maps in humans is not well understood. Here, the authors show using fMRI and an imagined navigation paradigm, that sighted people display hexagonal grid-like neural coding, while blind people show neural representations consistent with a square grid.
- Federica Sigismondi
- , Yangwen Xu
- & Roberto Bottini
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| Open AccessPrediction error processing and sharpening of expected information across the face-processing hierarchy
Perception and neural processing of sensory information are influenced by prior expectations. Here the authors show investigate how prior expectations contribute to face processing in the brain.
- Annika Garlichs
- & Helen Blank
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| Open AccessPosition- and scale-invariant object-centered spatial localization in monkey frontoparietal cortex dynamically adapts to cognitive demand
The neural basis of spatial localization is poorly understood. Here the authors showed that when planning a reach towards an object, neural coding in the frontoparietal network dynamically changes between allocentric and egocentric spatial reference frames where the transition is controlled by task demands.
- Bahareh Taghizadeh
- , Ole Fortmann
- & Alexander Gail
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| Open AccessPerceptography unveils the causal contribution of inferior temporal cortex to visual perception
The precise role that inferotemporal cortex plays in object recognition remains poorly understood. Here, the authors combine high-throughput behavioral optogenetics in non-human primates with machine learning to graphically capture perceptual events evoked by local stimulation in the high-level visual cortex.
- Elia Shahbazi
- , Timothy Ma
- & Arash Afraz
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| Open AccessNeurocomputational mechanisms involved in adaptation to fluctuating intentions of others
Humans often interact without knowing the cooperative or competitive intentions of others. Here, the authors determined the neurocomputational mechanisms engaged in adapting to fluctuating intentions of others over repeated social interactions.
- Rémi Philippe
- , Rémi Janet
- & Jean-Claude Dreher
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| Open AccessEEG decoders track memory dynamics
Successful memorization could be decoded from brain activity. Here the authors decode human memory success from EEG recordings, suggesting memory is linked to context.
- Yuxuan Li
- , Jesse K. Pazdera
- & Michael J. Kahana
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| Open AccessTiming along the cardiac cycle modulates neural signals of reward-based learning
Previous work has shown that natural cardiac rhythms modulate the perception and reaction to sensory cues through changes in associated neural signals. Here, the authors show that sensitivity to prediction errors during reward learning is related to the phase of the cardiac cycle.
- Elsa F. Fouragnan
- , Billy Hosking
- & Alejandra Sel
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| Open AccessAlignment of brain embeddings and artificial contextual embeddings in natural language points to common geometric patterns
Here, using neural activity patterns in the inferior frontal gyrus and large language modeling embeddings, the authors provide evidence for a common neural code for language processing.
- Ariel Goldstein
- , Avigail Grinstein-Dabush
- & Uri Hasson
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| Open AccessIntracortical recordings reveal vision-to-action cortical gradients driving human exogenous attention
How external stimuli capture our attention remains poorly understood. Here, the authors use a data-driven approach with human intracortical recordings to show that exogenous attention phenomena, such as inhibition of return, emerge at the intersection of visual and response signals across cortical gradients and timescales that shape the segregation of attentional events.
- Tal Seidel Malkinson
- , Dimitri J. Bayle
- & Paolo Bartolomeo
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| Open AccessA cerebro-cerebellar network for learning visuomotor associations
The extent of cerebellar contributions to non-motor learning remains unclear. Here, authors identify a cortico-cerebellar circuit in primates that plays a causal role in reinforcement-based learning of visuomotor associations.
- Naveen Sendhilnathan
- , Andreea C. Bostan
- & Michael E. Goldberg
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| Open AccessPopulation imaging cerebellar growth for personalized neuroscience
Growth chart studies of the human cerebellum, which is increasingly recognized as pivotal for cognitive development, are rare. Gaiser and colleagues utilized population-level neuroimaging to unveil cerebellar growth charts from childhood to adolescence, offering insights into brain development.
- Zi-Xuan Zhou
- & Xi-Nian Zuo
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| Open AccessA multi-demand operating system underlying diverse cognitive tasks
A consistent set of brain areas is engaged across diverse cognitive tasks. Here, the authors reveal a unifying latent brain state that predicts performance across seven tasks, linking a core control network to cognitive flexibility and adaptive behaviors.
- Weidong Cai
- , Jalil Taghia
- & Vinod Menon
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| Open AccessLocal orchestration of distributed functional patterns supporting loss and restoration of consciousness in the primate brain
The brain’s role in supporting consciousness is unclear. Here, authors show that global markers of consciousness in macaque cortex are suppressed by many anaesthetics, and restored by local stimulation of a thalamic nucleus that also induces awakening.
- Andrea I. Luppi
- , Lynn Uhrig
- & Rodrigo Cofre
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| Open AccessTemporally organized representations of reward and risk in the human brain
It is unclear how reward and risk are temporally organized in the human brain. Here, the authors demonstrate both sequential and parallel encoding of decision variables, and the role of anterior insula in reward- and risk-prediction error.
- Vincent Man
- , Jeffrey Cockburn
- & John P. O’Doherty
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| Open AccessNeural timescales reflect behavioral demands in freely moving rhesus macaques
The functional relevance of neural timescales is not fully understood. Here the authors demonstrate that neural timescales change with behavioral demands in freely moving macaques.
- Ana M. G. Manea
- , David J.-N. Maisson
- & Jan Zimmermann
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| Open AccessWalking modulates visual detection performance according to stride cycle phase
“Visual performance might vary during natural behaviour such as walking. Here, the authors use wireless virtual reality to show that oscillations in performance on a visual detection task were systematically linked to the phase of the stride cycle.”
- Matthew J. Davidson
- , Frans A. J. Verstraten
- & David Alais
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| Open AccessData leakage inflates prediction performance in connectome-based machine learning models
The effects of data leakage on predictive models in neuroimaging studies are not well understood. Here, the authors show that data leakage via feature selection and repeated subjects drastically inflates prediction performance, whereas other forms of leakage have more minor effects.
- Matthew Rosenblatt
- , Link Tejavibulya
- & Dustin Scheinost
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| Open AccessMidbrain signaling of identity prediction errors depends on orbitofrontal cortex networks
Behaviour requires knowledge of cues and outcomes. Here the authors use neuromodulation of lateral orbitofrontal cortex and neuroimaging of error-related midbrain activity to reveal the neurocomputational mechanisms underlying reward identity learning.
- Qingfang Liu
- , Yao Zhao
- & Thorsten Kahnt
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| Open AccessDirect contribution of the sensory cortex to the judgment of stimulus duration
The neural substrates of time perception are still unclear. Here, the authors show that as rats judged tactile stimuli, optogenetic manipulation of somatosensory cortex systematically altered perception of stimulus intensity and of duration, unveiling a multiplexed code.
- Sebastian Reinartz
- , Arash Fassihi
- & Mathew E. Diamond
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| Open AccessA neural signature for the subjective experience of threat anticipation under uncertainty
The neural systems which underlie the experience of anticipated threat under uncertainty are not well understood. Here, the authors find a whole-brain signature which specifically predicts anxious anticipation.
- Xiqin Liu
- , Guojuan Jiao
- & Benjamin Becker
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| Open AccessTimbral effects on consonance disentangle psychoacoustic mechanisms and suggest perceptual origins for musical scales
Consonance is crucial to diverse musical styles and is traditionally attributed to simple frequency ratios between tones. Here, the authors show timbral effects on consonance that challenge this view and suggest perceptual origins for musical scales.
- Raja Marjieh
- , Peter M. C. Harrison
- & Nori Jacoby
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| Open AccessA consistent map in the medial entorhinal cortex supports spatial memory
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is hypothesized to function as a cognitive map for memory-guided navigation. Here, the authors demonstrate that the establishment of a spatially consistent MEC map across learning correlates with, and is necessary for, successful spatial memory.
- Taylor J. Malone
- , Nai-Wen Tien
- & Yi Gu
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| Open AccessGrid-like entorhinal representation of an abstract value space during prospective decision making
Values of choice options often change over time. Here, the authors show that during prospective decision making the entorhinal cortex encodes changing values using a grid-like representation, suggesting the formation of a cognitive value map.
- Alexander Nitsch
- , Mona M. Garvert
- & Christian F. Doeller
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| Open AccessCortical depth profiles in primary visual cortex for illusory and imaginary experiences
Whether visual illusions and mental imagery are similarly represented in visual cortex is not well understood. Here, the authors show that imagery content is mainly detectable in deep layers of V1, whereas illusory content is decodable mainly from superficial layers.
- Johanna Bergmann
- , Lucy S. Petro
- & Lars Muckli
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| Open AccessEmergence of syntax and word prediction in an artificial neural circuit of the cerebellum
The role of the cerebellum in language processing remains unclear. Here, the authors use a biologically-constrained artificial cerebellar neural network to reveal a dual role of single circuit computation in syntax and word prediction.
- Keiko Ohmae
- & Shogo Ohmae
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| Open AccessStructural connectome architecture shapes the maturation of cortical morphology from childhood to adolescence
Cortical morphology shows maturation during childhood and adolescence. Here the authors show this is structurally constrained by a diffusion network model and that this constraint is linked to gene expression profiles of microstructural development.
- Xinyuan Liang
- , Lianglong Sun
- & Yong He
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| Open AccessAcoustic and language-specific sources for phonemic abstraction from speech
How speech sounds come to be understood as language remains unclear. Here, the authors find that brain responses to speech in part reflect abstraction of phonological units specific to the language being spoken, mediated through relationships between acoustic features.
- Anna Mai
- , Stephanie Riès
- & Timothy Q. Gentner
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| Open AccessTrial-history biases in evidence accumulation can give rise to apparent lapses in decision-making
Trial-history biases and lapses are two commonly observed suboptimalities in decision-making that have been traditionally considered distinct. In this study, the authors show that they can both arise from a single underlying mechanism.
- Diksha Gupta
- , Brian DePasquale
- & Carlos D. Brody
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| Open AccessRamping dynamics and theta oscillations reflect dissociable signatures during rule-guided human behavior
The authors show that neuronal populations in the human prefrontal-motor network interact via two discernible communication modes – ramping dynamics and neural oscillations. These modes operate in concert to facilitate rule-guided behavior.
- Jan Weber
- , Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- & Randolph F. Helfrich
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| Open AccessHuman brain representations of internally generated outcomes of approximate calculation revealed by ultra-high-field brain imaging
How the brain represents quantities remains unclear. Here the authors identify dorsal stream sensory-motor integration areas as a candidate region for the internal generation of numerical contents during mental calculations.
- Sébastien Czajko
- , Alexandre Vignaud
- & Evelyn Eger
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| Open AccessMapping expectancy-based appetitive placebo effects onto the brain in women
The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying placebo effects of hunger suggestion are not well understood. Here, the authors show that activation and interaction of different areas of the prefrontal cortex are related to the effects of hunger suggestions on food choice and evaluation.
- Iraj Khalid
- , Belina Rodrigues
- & Liane Schmidt
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| Open AccessAwake ripples enhance emotional memory encoding in the human brain
The neural dynamics of emotional memory consolidation are not well understood. Here, the authors analyse intracranial recordings from human participants after emotional memory encoding, showing that ripple-locked activity in the amygdala and hippocampus is predictive of subsequent memory.
- Haoxin Zhang
- , Ivan Skelin
- & Jack J. Lin