Featured
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NMDA receptor activation requires remodelling of intersubunit contacts within ligand-binding heterodimers
In non-NMDA glutamate receptors, intersubunit contacts within agonist binding domains affect functional desensitization. Now, NMDA receptor activation, but not desensitization, is shown to involve rearrangements at the heterodimer interface, suggesting that the intersubunit contacts of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors may have distinct functional roles.
- William F. Borschel
- , Swetha E. Murthy
- & Gabriela K. Popescu
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Article |
The ubiquitin ligase HACE1 regulates Golgi membrane dynamics during the cell cycle
The Golgi membrane is fragmented during mitosis and is subsequently fused following cell division and this process is known to be controlled by ubiquitination. In this study, the ubiquitin ligase HACE1 is shown to be targeted to the Golgi membrane and is required for fusion after the completion of mitosis.
- Danming Tang
- , Yi Xiang
- & Yanzhuang Wang
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Article |
Electrosensory ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes in bony fishes
Ampullary organs are involved in electroreception, but whether these are derived from placodes, thickened ectoderm, is unclear. In this study, the ampullary organs of the primitive ray-finned fish,Polyodon spathula, are shown to develop from lateral line placodes, suggesting that this is the ancestral state in bony fishes.
- Melinda S. Modrell
- , William E. Bemis
- & Clare V.H. Baker
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Article
| Open AccessTravelling and splitting of a wave of hedgehog expression involved in spider-head segmentation
During development, waves of gene expression are required for segmentation of the body axis. In this study, repeated splitting of a wave of hedgehog gene expression is shown during segmentation of the spiderAchaearanea tepidariorum.
- Masaki Kanayama
- , Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- & Hiroki Oda
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Article |
A mitochondria-targeted inhibitor of cytochrome c peroxidase mitigates radiation-induced death
Radiomitigating compounds could be used to protect against ionizing radiation. In this study, mitochondria-targeted oleic and stearic acid derivatives are shown to inhibit pro-apoptotic oxidative events, prevent cell death, and protect mice against lethal doses of radiation.
- Jeffrey Atkinson
- , Alexandr A. Kapralov
- & Valerian E. Kagan
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Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy maps the folding landscape of a large protein
The folding of multidomain proteins can involve metastable intermediate states. Here, a single-molecule FRET based method is developed and used to identify six metastable states in the folding landscape of the three-domain protein adenylate kinase.
- Menahem Pirchi
- , Guy Ziv
- & Gilad Haran
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Article |
Pericytes resident in postnatal skeletal muscle differentiate into muscle fibres and generate satellite cells
The fusion of satellite cells to muscle fibres during adult life is required for both muscle growth and regeneration but it is unknown whether non-muscle cells contribute to this process. Now, Dellavalle and colleagues show that pericytes, cells associated with the vasculature can contribute to both growth and regeneration of muscle fibres.
- A. Dellavalle
- , G. Maroli
- & G. Cossu
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Phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate coordinates actin-mediated mobilization and translocation of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane of chromaffin cells
The role of phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate in exocytosis is unclear. This study shows that inhibition of the p110δ isoform of PI3-kinase promotes a transient increase in phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate, leading to a potentiation of exocytosis in chromaffin cells.
- Peter J. Wen
- , Shona L. Osborne
- & Frédéric A. Meunier
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Reprogramming within hours following nuclear transfer into mouse but not human zygotes
The generation of human cell lines using somatic cell nuclear transfer has been difficult to achieve. In this study, Egliet al. show that while mouse eggs reprogram somatic cells within hours, human eggs arrest after nuclear transfer which may be due to a lack of genome transcription.
- Dieter Egli
- , Alice E. Chen
- & Kevin Eggan
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Article
| Open AccessDesigning attractive models via automated identification of chaotic and oscillatory dynamical regimes
Modelling of chaos and oscillations is usually done indirectly and quantitatively by fitting models to a finite number of data-points. Here, a qualitative framework is developed where the characteristics of the underlying dynamical system are directly specified, revealing new properties of such systems.
- Daniel Silk
- , Paul D.W. Kirk
- & Michael P.H. Stumpf
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Review Article |
Capturing the essence of folding and functions of biomolecules using coarse-grained models
Coarse-grained models can be used to study the folding of biological macromolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins. In this Review, Hyeon and Thirumalai describe recent advances in the use of these theoretical models to describe dynamic processes in biology.
- Changbong Hyeon
- & D. Thirumalai
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Article
| Open AccessA shift of the TOR adaptor from Rictor towards Raptor by semaphorin in C. elegans
What controls the binding partner selection of the target of rapamycin protein, TOR, is unknown. Using theCaenorhabditis elegans tail as a model, Nukazuka et al. determine that signals of semaphorin through plexin control the binding partner selection of TOR and are required for the correct organization of rays in the tail.
- Akira Nukazuka
- , Shusaku Tamaki
- & Shin Takagi
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Article
| Open AccessIdentification and microbial production of a terpene-based advanced biofuel
Advanced biofuels with comparable properties to petroleum-based fuels could be microbially produced from lignocellulosic biomass. In this study,Escherichia coliis engineered to produce bisabolene, the immediate precursor of bisabolane, a biosynthetic alternative to D2 diesel.
- Pamela P. Peralta-Yahya
- , Mario Ouellet
- & Taek Soon Lee
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Article
| Open AccessThe collagen-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans is involved in haemorrhagic stroke
The risk factors associated with both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke are not fully understood. Here a certain strain of the bacteria,Streptococcus mutans, which expresses a collagen-binding protein, is shown to be associated with haemorrhagic stroke in both animal models and human patients.
- Kazuhiko Nakano
- , Kazuya Hokamura
- & Takashi Ooshima
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Article |
A chloroplast envelope-bound PHD transcription factor mediates chloroplast signals to the nucleus
Retrograde chloroplast signals are essential in coordinating nuclear gene expression, but the mechanism that relays chloroplast signals to the nucleus remains elusive. In this study, a chloroplast envelope-bound transcription factor PTM is shown to transmit chloroplast signals to the nucleus.
- Xuwu Sun
- , Peiqiang Feng
- & Lixin Zhang
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Article
| Open AccessAn energy transduction mechanism used in bacterial flagellar type III protein export
A bacterial export gate complex transports flagellar proteins across the cytoplasmic membrane, but the mechanism of this process is unclear. Here, the export gate complex is revealed as a proton–protein antiporter that uses separate components of the proton motive force for different steps of the export process.
- Tohru Minamino
- , Yusuke V. Morimoto
- & Keiichi Namba
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Article |
Late Cretaceous origin of the rice tribe provides evidence for early diversification in Poaceae
In this study, fossils from the Late Cretaceous period in India are described and are assigned to the rice tribe based on phylogenetic comparison of morphological traits with modern grasses; these findings suggest that the evolutionary origins of the grass family, Poaceae, occurred earlier than previously thought.
- V. Prasad
- , C.A.E. Strömberg
- & A. Sahni
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Article
| Open AccessGenome-wide association mapping reveals a rich genetic architecture of complex traits in Oryza sativa
Understanding the genetics and physiology of domesticated species is important for crop improvement. By studying natural variation and the phenotypic traits of 413 diverse accessions of rice, Zhao et al. identify many common genetic variants that influence quantitative traits such as seed size and flowering time.
- Keyan Zhao
- , Chih-Wei Tung
- & Susan R. McCouch
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Article
| Open AccessInformation processing using a single dynamical node as complex system
The paradigm of reservoir computing shows that, like the human brain, complex networks can perform efficient information processing. Here, a simple delay dynamical system is demonstrated that can efficiently perform computations capable of replacing a complex network in reservoir computing.
- L. Appeltant
- , M.C. Soriano
- & I. Fischer
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Article |
p53 and p16INK4A independent induction of senescence by chromatin-dependent alteration of S-phase progression
Cellular senescence is characterized by the cessation of cell growth and the expression of the p16 protein. In this study, inhibition or loss of p300, a histone acetyltransferase, is shown to result in senescence that occurs independently of p16 and is associated with histone hypoacetylation and altered replication timing.
- Alexandre Prieur
- , Emilie Besnard
- & Jean-Marc Lemaitre
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Article |
In vitro production of fertile sperm from murine spermatogonial stem cell lines
Recent technological advances have allowed the expansion of spermatogonial stem cellsin vitro; however, in vivo conditions are required for the full differentiation of the cells. In this study, an in vitroorgan culture system is developed that allows the differentiation of the germ cells in the laboratory.
- Takuya Sato
- , Kumiko Katagiri
- & Takehiko Ogawa
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Article |
Plasmonic substrates for multiplexed protein microarrays with femtomolar sensitivity and broad dynamic range
Protein microarrays are useful both in basic research and also in disease monitoring and diagnosis, but their dynamic range is limited. By using plasmonic gold substrates with near-infrared fluorescent enhancement, Tabakman et al. demonstrate a multiplexed protein array with improved detection limits and dynamic range.
- Scott M. Tabakman
- , Lana Lau
- & Hongjie Dai
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Article |
Smad6-specific recruitment of Smurf E3 ligases mediates TGF-β1-induced degradation of MyD88 in TLR4 signalling
Transforming growth factor-β blocks the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in part by the degradation of Myd88. This study shows that smad ubiquitin regulator proteins are shown to mediate the destruction of Myd8 and are therefore required for the anti-inflammatory effects of transforming growth factor-β.
- Youn Sook Lee
- , Jin Seok Park
- & Seok Hee Park
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Article |
In-vitro derived germinal centre B cells differentially generate memory B or plasma cells in vivo
In response to antigens, B cells proliferate and form germinal centres before differentiating into memory B cells or long-lived plasma cells. Here, a culture method is used to expand B cells in vitro, with the ability to shift the fate of the cells between memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells.
- Takuya Nojima
- , Kei Haniuda
- & Daisuke Kitamura
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Article
| Open AccessBacterial Pili exploit integrin machinery to promote immune activation and efficient blood-brain barrier penetration
Group BStreptococcuscauses meningitis in newborn infants but how the bacterium crosses the blood-brain barrier is unknown. Here, the bacterial pili adhesion molecule, PilA, is shown to bind to collagen and promote binding of the bacteria to integrins expressed on the blood-brain endothelium.
- Anirban Banerjee
- , Brandon J. Kim
- & Kelly S. Doran
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Article
| Open AccessA segmental genomic duplication generates a functional intron
The appearance of a new intron that splits an exon without disrupting the corresponding peptide sequence is a rare event in vertebrate genomes. Hellstenet al.demonstrate that, under certain circumstances, a functional intron can be produced in a single step by segmental genomic duplication.
- Uffe Hellsten
- , Julie L. Aspden
- & Daniel S. Rokhsar
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Article
| Open AccessBackbone rigidity and static presentation of guanidinium groups increases cellular uptake of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides
Cell-penetrating peptides can deliver molecular cargoes into living cells, and cross biological membranes by transduction—a non-endocytic mechanism. Here, the transduction efficiency of cyclic arginine-rich peptides is shown to be higher than that of more flexible linear peptides.
- Gisela Lättig-Tünnemann
- , Manuel Prinz
- & M. Cristina Cardoso
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Article
| Open AccessMolecular mechanism for 3:1 subunit stoichiometry of rod cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels
The assembly mechanisms of heteromeric ion channels are poorly understood. Using a range of techniques, Shuartet al.determine the mechanism by which rod photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated channels assume a 3:1 stoichiometry of CNGA1 and CNGB1 subunits.
- Noah G. Shuart
- , Yoni Haitin
- & William N. Zagotta
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Article
| Open AccessBlimp1 regulates the transition of neonatal to adult intestinal epithelium
Many mammals are born with an immature intestinal epithelium, which adapts to a changing diet during the weaning period. Muncanet al. show that the transcriptional repressor Blimp1is expressed in the intestine of mice at birth, and that expression is lost at the transition to the weaning stage.
- Vanesa Muncan
- , Jarom Heijmans
- & Gijs R. van den Brink
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Article |
Direct visualization of microtubules using a genetic tool to analyse radial progenitor-astrocyte continuum in brain
The development of radial progenitor cells and astroglia in the cerebral cortex depends on the microtubule cytoskeleton. Eomet al. have developed a new mouse model where the microtubules of astrocytes and radial glia cells are fluorescently tagged, facilitating the detailed study of microtubule dynamics and development in these cells.
- Tae-Yeon Eom
- , Amelia Stanco
- & E.S. Anton
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Article |
Anatomically modern Carboniferous harvestmen demonstrate early cladogenesis and stasis in Opiliones
Harvestmen — Opiliones — are an ancient and diverse arachnid group with a limited fossil record. Here, X-ray micro-tomography of fossils reveals two new Carboniferous harvestmen species, allowing a phylogenetic analysis of these Palaeozoic Opiliones, demonstrating similarities between the fossils and extant groups.
- Russell J. Garwood
- , Jason A. Dunlop
- & Mark D. Sutton
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Article
| Open AccessA stem-group cnidarian described from the mid-Cambrian of China and its significance for cnidarian evolution
The origin of Cnidaria—coral and jellyfish—is still unsolved in the basal metazoan phylogeny. Here, a Cambrian fossil of a stem-group cnidarian,Cambroctoconus orientalisgen. et sp. nov., is found to bear octoradial symmetry, but no jelly-like mesenchyme, suggesting this evolved after octoradial symmetry.
- Tae-yoon Park
- , Jusun Woo
- & Duck K. Choi
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Article
| Open AccessActive sampling and decision making in Drosophila chemotaxis
Drosophila melanogaster larvae demonstrate chemotaxis towards odours but their navigation mechanism is poorly understood. Using computer-vision tracking, Gomez-Marinet al.show that larvae ascend odour gradients using an active sampling strategy that is analogous to sniffing in vertebrates.
- Alex Gomez-Marin
- , Greg J. Stephens
- & Matthieu Louis
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Article
| Open AccessFreely orbiting magnetic tweezers to directly monitor changes in the twist of nucleic acids
Rotational motion and torsional strain affects DNA replication, transcription and repair. Lipfertet al. have developed a new technique that uses freely orbiting magnetic tweezers to measure equilibrium fluctuations and determine the twist of tethered nucleic acid molecules.
- Jan Lipfert
- , Matthew Wiggin
- & Nynke H. Dekker
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Article |
Discovery of lost diversity of paternal horse lineages using ancient DNA
Modern female horses are genetically diverse but male horses are relatively homogenous. Lippoldet al. sequence the Y chromosome of nine ancient horses and detect diversity in the ancestral paternal lineage, demonstrating ancient Y-chromosomal DNA sequencing can provide insights into evolution.
- Sebastian Lippold
- , Michael Knapp
- & Michael Hofreiter
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Article
| Open AccessMesozoic retroposons reveal parrots as the closest living relatives of passerine birds
Zebra finches are passerine birds, but their phylogenetic relationship with non-passerine birds remains controversial. By examining retroposon insertion loci in avian genomes, the authors reveal that parrots are the closest relatives of passerines, which may have implications for understanding the evolution of birdsong.
- Alexander Suh
- , Martin Paus
- & Jürgen Schmitz
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Article
| Open AccessParkinson's disease induced pluripotent stem cells with triplication of the α-synuclein locus
Pluripotent stem cells can be generated from the somatic cells of humans and are a useful model to study disease. Here, pluripotent stem cells are made from a patient with familial Parkinson's disease, and the resulting neurons exhibit elevated levels of α-synuclein, recapitulating the molecular features of the patient's disease.
- Michael J. Devine
- , Mina Ryten
- & Tilo Kunath
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Article |
SIRT6 is required for maintenance of telomere position effect in human cells
Chromatin is rendered silent by epigenetic marks when in proximity to telomeres, and, in yeast, this effect requires the histone-modifying enzyme Sir2. In this study, the human Sir2 family member SIRT6 is shown to modulate the telomere position effect in human cells.
- Ruth I. Tennen
- , Dennis J. Bua
- & Katrin F. Chua
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Article |
Critical roles for EphB and ephrin-B bidirectional signalling in retinocollicular mapping
How retinoganglion cell axons project correctly to the superior colliculus is poorly understood. Here, projections are shown to require EphB1, EphB2 and ephrin-B1 to terminate in the medial superior colliculus, while ephrin-B2 is essential for the mapping of both dorsal and ventral axons.
- Sonal Thakar
- , George Chenaux
- & Mark Henkemeyer
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Article
| Open AccessA CLASP-modulated cell edge barrier mechanism drives cell-wide cortical microtubule organization in Arabidopsis
How microtubules are organized correctly in plant cells is not well understood. Ambroseet al. use 4D imaging and computer modelling to show that sharp cell edges induce microtubule depolymerization and that the microtubule-associated protein CLASP mitigates this process to modulate array organization.
- Chris Ambrose
- , Jun F. Allard
- & Geoffrey O. Wasteneys
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Article
| Open AccessEditing of human KV1.1 channel mRNAs disrupts binding of the N-terminus tip at the intracellular cavity
RNA editing is important in regulating neuronal excitability, and a specific editing event has been shown to alter the permeation pathway of voltage-gate potassium channels. Gonzalezet al.find that the tip of the channel's inactivation gate makes a direct hydrophobic interaction with the edited position.
- Carlos Gonzalez
- , Angelica Lopez-Rodriguez
- & Miguel Holmgren
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Article |
Heterothermy in growing king penguins
Small endothermic animals often drop their body temperature—a process known as heterothermy—to conserve energy. This study demonstrates heterothermy in king penguin chicks (Aptenodytes patagonicus), a finding unexpected for such large birds, but which may account for the chicks’ fasting capacity of five months.
- Götz Eichhorn
- , René Groscolas
- & Yves Handrich
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Article |
The evolution of antisocial punishment in optional public goods games
Antisocial punishment, where non-cooperators punish cooperators, is a puzzling empirical phenomenon missing from most theoretical models. Here, antisocial punishment is added to an optional public goods game, revealing that evolution favours antisocial punishment and punishment does not promote cooperation.
- David G. Rand
- & Martin A. Nowak
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Article |
Insights into bird wing evolution and digit specification from polarizing region fate maps
Bird wings resemble the digits on the hands of dinosaurs, but which digit positions gave rise to those seen in modern birds is still unclear. In this work, long-term fate maps of the chick wing polarizing region are presented, supporting fossil data that birds descended from theropods that had digits 1, 2 and 3.
- Matthew Towers
- , Jason Signolet
- & Cheryll Tickle
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Article
| Open AccessCytosine methylation regulates oviposition in the pathogenic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni
The chronic disease schistosomiasis is caused by the blood flukeSchistosoma mansoni. By studying DNA modifications throughout the lifecycle of the pathogen, the authors identify DNA methylation as a factor in egg development and suggest that the epigenetic machinery responsible may be a therapeutic target.
- Kathrin K. Geyer
- , Carlos M. Rodríguez López
- & Karl F. Hoffmann
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Article
| Open AccessRhythmic actomyosin-driven contractions induced by sperm entry predict mammalian embryo viability
Cytoplasmic flows—the movement of cytoplasmic material—can be detected following the fertilization of an egg by a sperm in many species. In this study, rhythmic cytoplasmic flows are shown to be induced in mice by calcium-induced cytoskeleton contractions which could be used to predict the successful outcome of fertilization.
- Anna Ajduk
- , Tagbo Ilozue
- & Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
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Article |
Location-specific patterns of exposure to recent pre-pandemic strains of influenza A in southern China
Population demographics affect influenza transmission at large spatial scales. Here, influenza immunity is shown to vary spatially in a way unexplained by differences in demographics, suggesting that there are aspects of locations that drive influenza transmission other than individual and household risk factors.
- Justin Lessler
- , Derek A.T. Cummings
- & Steven Riley
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Article |
Delay-induced anomalous fluctuations in intracellular regulation
Direct negative feedback decreases fluctuations in homoeostatic control, but intracellular regulatory systems are indirect. Here, an analytical expression is derived to show that indirect feedback in transcription and translation leads to more fluctuations for intermediate delays but not for long delays.
- Andreas Grönlund
- , Per Lötstedt
- & Johan Elf
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Article |
Local BMP receptor activation at adherens junctions in the Drosophila germline stem cell niche
Studying the physical interaction of stem cells with their niche has previously been difficult. Using a fluorescence-based reporter, Michelet al. are able to show that bone morphogenetic protein signalling occurs between Drosophilatestes germline stem cells and their niche and is via adherens junctions.
- Marcus Michel
- , Isabel Raabe
- & Christian Bökel
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