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| Open AccessComputational reconstruction of mental representations using human behavior
Revealing how the human mind represents information is a longstanding goal of cognitive science. Here, the authors develop a method to reconstruct the mental representations of multiple visual concepts using behavioral judgments.
- Laurent Caplette
- & Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
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| Open AccessPrimacy of vision shapes behavioral strategies and neural substrates of spatial navigation in marmoset hippocampus
How diurnal primates develop exploration-navigation strategy and how the physiology of primate hippocampus is shaped in navigation are not fully understood. Here authors show that marmosets adapted their navigation strategies to their diurnal ecological niche. Notably, marmoset hippocampal neurons are specialized for encoding combinations of view, head direction and place, and that theta oscillations are triggered by rapid head-gaze movements.
- Diego B. Piza
- , Benjamin W. Corrigan
- & Julio Martinez-Trujillo
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| Open AccessNonuniform and pathway-specific laminar processing of spatial frequencies in the primary visual cortex of primates
The uniformity of laminar processing in a cortex remains not fully understood. Here authors show that high spatial frequency stimuli elicit distinct active patterns across V1 layers, arising from multiple mechanisms involving M and P pathways.
- Tian Wang
- , Weifeng Dai
- & Dajun Xing
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| Open AccessBrightness illusions drive a neuronal response in the primary visual cortex under top-down modulation
The neural mechanisms underpinning visual illusions remains poorly understood. Here, the authors recorded the neural responses of mouse primary visual cortex to illusory grating and found delayed responses to illusory brightness, showing that optogenetic inhibition of higher visual areas reduced V1 response to illusions but not to real gratings.
- Alireza Saeedi
- , Kun Wang
- & Masataka Watanabe
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| Open AccessPerceptography unveils the causal contribution of inferior temporal cortex to visual perception
The precise role that inferotemporal cortex plays in object recognition remains poorly understood. Here, the authors combine high-throughput behavioral optogenetics in non-human primates with machine learning to graphically capture perceptual events evoked by local stimulation in the high-level visual cortex.
- Elia Shahbazi
- , Timothy Ma
- & Arash Afraz
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| Open AccessStimulus encoding by specific inactivation of cortical neurons
How neural ensembles encode information remains poorly understood. Here, the authors identify “offsembles”—neurons that are specifically inactivated by sensory stimuli—which, when combined with “onsemble” neurons that are turned on by the stimulus, provide enhanced encoding power to the cortex.
- Jesús Pérez-Ortega
- , Alejandro Akrouh
- & Rafael Yuste
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| Open AccessA primary sensory cortical interareal feedforward inhibitory circuit for tacto-visual integration
Where and how the brain integrates discrete sensory inputs is not fully understood. Here authors show that a multisensory zone in the mouse anterior primary visual cortex integrates tactile and visual inputs from a shared sensory space through interareal feedforward inhibition.
- Simon Weiler
- , Vahid Rahmati
- & Manuel Teichert
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Article
| Open AccessAuditory cortex conveys non-topographic sound localization signals to visual cortex
Auditory cortex sends dense projections to layer 1 of mouse V1. Here the authors show these axons convey rich sound localization signals and that their auditory receptive fields do not align with the retinotopic map of V1.
- Camille Mazo
- , Margarida Baeta
- & Leopoldo Petreanu
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| Open AccessSubcellular pathways through VGluT3-expressing mouse amacrine cells provide locally tuned object-motion-selective signals in the retina
How the spatial distribution of synapses relates to the subcellular integration and transmission of signals is not fully understood. Here authors combine functional and connectomic analysis to map the subcellular flow of information in retinal amacrine cells.
- Karl Friedrichsen
- , Jen-Chun Hsiang
- & Josh L. Morgan
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| Open AccessIntercellular communication atlas reveals Oprm1 as a neuroprotective factor for retinal ganglion cells
How the neighboring cells contribute to the survival and functions of neuronal cells remains elusive. Here, authors identified the cell-cell interactions between retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other cells after RGC injury and discovered the μ-opioid receptor promotes RGC resilience.
- Cheng Qian
- , Ying Xin
- & Jiang Qian
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| Open AccessImproved modeling of human vision by incorporating robustness to blur in convolutional neural networks
The phenomenon of blurry or degraded visual input in humans has been overlooked in the training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Here, the authors show that blur-trained CNNs outperform standard CNNs in predicting neural responses to objects and show improved correspondence with human perception.
- Hojin Jang
- & Frank Tong
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| Open AccessDistributed feature representations of natural stimuli across parallel retinal pathways
The precise organization of ON bipolar cells in the visual system remains poorly understood. Here, the authors discover that the mammalian ON bipolar pathway is divided into two streams that distribute the encoding of spatial and temporal information from naturalistic visual stimuli, respectively.
- Jen-Chun Hsiang
- , Ning Shen
- & Daniel Kerschensteiner
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| Open AccessDendritic mGluR2 and perisomatic Kv3 signaling regulate dendritic computation of mouse starburst amacrine cells
How starburst amacrine cell (SAC) dendrites transform concentrically distributed synaptic inputs into branch-specific directional outputs is not fully understood. Here the authors report that dendritic mGluR2 signaling and somatic Kv3-mediated shunting coordinately implement SAC dendritic direction selectivity.
- Héctor Acarón Ledesma
- , Jennifer Ding
- & Wei Wei
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Article
| Open AccessAggregation of rhodopsin mutants in mouse models of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa
Mutations in rhodopsin can cause the receptor to aggregate, however, it is unclear whether this molecular defect underlies the retinal degeneration in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Here, the authors show the potential for rhodopsin aggregates to play a role in retinal degeneration.
- Sreelakshmi Vasudevan
- , Subhadip Senapati
- & Paul S.–H. Park
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| Open AccessRat superior colliculus encodes the transition between static and dynamic vision modes
How visual perception in the brain switches from static to dynamic imagery is poorly understood. Here, the authors show in rats that the superior colliculus displays a marked transition from positive to negative fMRI signal at a frequency which matches the behaviourally measured threshold at which such visual fusion occurs.
- Rita Gil
- , Mafalda Valente
- & Noam Shemesh
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| Open AccessMesoscopic calcium imaging in a head-unrestrained male non-human primate using a lensless microscope
Current systems for imaging calcium dynamics in the brains of non-human primates require the animal’s movement to be restricted. Here, the authors demonstrate a mesoscale calcium imaging device in a freely moving non-human primate which features a 20 mm2 field of view.
- Jimin Wu
- , Yuzhi Chen
- & Jacob T. Robinson
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Article
| Open AccessParallel developmental changes in children’s production and recognition of line drawings of visual concepts
Children produce drawings prolifically throughout childhood. Here, the authors conducted a systematic study of how children create and recognize line drawings across development and suggest that changes in children’s drawings reflect refinements in how children represent visual concepts.
- Bria Long
- , Judith E. Fan
- & Michael C. Frank
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| Open AccessRelaxation of mitochondrial hyperfusion in the diabetic retina via N6-furfuryladenosine confers neuroprotection regardless of glycaemic status
Restoring mitochondrial function has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for diabetic retinopathy. Here, the authors show that mitochondrial hyperfusion blunts mitophagy during the disease process, and that rescuing this process pharmacologically confers retinal neuroprotection independent of an improved glycaemic status in type-1 diabetic mice.
- Aidan Anderson
- , Nada Alfahad
- & Jose R. Hombrebueno
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| Open AccessCortical depth profiles in primary visual cortex for illusory and imaginary experiences
Whether visual illusions and mental imagery are similarly represented in visual cortex is not well understood. Here, the authors show that imagery content is mainly detectable in deep layers of V1, whereas illusory content is decodable mainly from superficial layers.
- Johanna Bergmann
- , Lucy S. Petro
- & Lars Muckli
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| Open AccessWhy flying insects gather at artificial light
It is unclear why flying insects congregate around artificial light sources. Here, the authors use high-speed videography and motion-capture, finding that insects fly perpendicular to light sources due to a disruption of the dorsal light response.
- Samuel T. Fabian
- , Yash Sondhi
- & Huai-Ti Lin
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| Open AccessFinding the gap: neuromorphic motion-vision in dense environments
Inspired by insects in nature, the authors develop a neuromorphic robotic system with obstacle avoidance, tunnel centering and gap crossing capabilities. Their robotic system accomplishes these multiple capabilities by steering towards regions of low apparent motion.
- Thorben Schoepe
- , Ella Janotte
- & Elisabetta Chicca
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| Open AccessA presynaptic source drives differing levels of surround suppression in two mouse retinal ganglion cell types
Compartments of neurons can sometimes act as independent computational units. Here the authors show that retinal bipolar cells, some of the smallest mammalian neurons, send different signals to downstream ganglion cells via different synapses.
- David Swygart
- , Wan-Qing Yu
- & Gregory W. Schwartz
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| Open AccessThe neural origin for asymmetric coding of surface color in the primate visual cortex
Whether end-spectral bias for red and blue in the visual cortex inherits from the pre-cortical stage or emerges within V1 remains incompletely understood. Here, the authors revealed a feedforward mechanism of end-spectral bias which is mainly transmitted through parvocellular pathway.
- Yujie Wu
- , Minghui Zhao
- & Dajun Xing
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| Open AccessA direction-selective cortico-brainstem pathway adaptively modulates innate behaviors
The visual cortex adapts innate behaviors through its corticofugal projections to the brainstem. Here, authors show that this pathway sends unique brainstem neurons distinct behaviorally relevant signals, whose strength can plastically change to promote behavioral adaptation.
- Jiashu Liu
- , Yingtian He
- & Bao-hua Liu
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| Open AccessA power law describes the magnitude of adaptation in neural populations of primary visual cortex
How cortical populations adapt to the statistics of sensory input is not fully understood. Here the authors show that a power law captures how the magnitude of population responses change across different sensory environments.
- Elaine Tring
- , Mario Dipoppa
- & Dario L. Ringach
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| Open AccessLate gene therapy limits the restoration of retinal function in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa
Is there a critical period to deliver gene therapies in photoreceptor degeneration? Using a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa, the authors show that once 70% of rods are lost, gene replacement fails to restore normal retinal output.
- Miranda L. Scalabrino
- , Mishek Thapa
- & Greg D. Field
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Article
| Open AccessLongitudinal development of category representations in ventral temporal cortex predicts word and face recognition
Viewing categories like faces or words elicits unique patterns of responses in high-level visual cortex. Here, the authors show that distributed patterns for faces and words become more distinct during childhood and predict children’s recognition ability.
- Marisa Nordt
- , Jesse Gomez
- & Kalanit Grill-Spector
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| Open AccessDifferent spectral sensitivities of ON- and OFF-motion pathways enhance the detection of approaching color objects in Drosophila
Motion vision in many animals is split into pathways for bright (ON) and dark (OFF) edges, driven by luminance changes. Here the authors show how in Drosophila color selectively contributes to ON-motion, enhancing detection of saliently colored objects.
- Kit D. Longden
- , Edward M. Rogers
- & Michael B. Reiser
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| Open AccessA synaptic corollary discharge signal suppresses midbrain visual processing during saccade-like locomotion
How the visual system differentiates between external motion and sensory input arising from self-motion is poorly understood. Here, the authors investigate how motor-related synaptic signals impact neural activity in a key visual center during locomotion.
- Mir Ahsan Ali
- , Katharina Lischka
- & Johann H. Bollmann
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| Open AccessMotion direction is represented as a bimodal probability distribution in the human visual cortex
The visual system quickly infers an object’s direction of motion from noisy sensory signals. Here, the authors show that orientation signals are used in this process, leading to bimodal probabilistic representations of motion direction in the human cortex.
- Andrey Chetverikov
- & Janneke F. M. Jehee
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| Open AccessTopographic axonal projection at single-cell precision supports local retinotopy in the mouse superior colliculus
Retinotopy can arise from axons or their targets; however, the underlying connectivity pattern remains elusive. Here, the authors use two-photon calcium imaging of retinal ganglion cell axon terminals in the female mouse superior colliculus to identify a high precision of retinotopic tiling at single-cell resolution.
- Dmitry Molotkov
- , Leiron Ferrarese
- & Hiroki Asari
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Article
| Open AccessEnhancement and contextual modulation of visuospatial processing by thalamocollicular projections from ventral lateral geniculate nucleus
Here the authors show that inhibitory projections from the ventral geniculate nucleus to superior colliculus facilitate visual detection of small objects in a visually guided approaching behaviour by providing broad surround suppression to SC neurons.
- Zhong Li
- , Bo Peng
- & Huizhong Whit Tao
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Article
| Open AccessA single cell genomics atlas of the Drosophila larval eye reveals distinct photoreceptor developmental timelines
The Drosophila eye is a powerful model system to study the dynamics of cell differentiation, cell state transitions, cell maturation, and pattern formation. Here, the authors report transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility data for all known cell types in the developing larval eye.
- Komal Kumar Bollepogu Raja
- , Kelvin Yeung
- & Graeme Mardon
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| Open AccessContinuous multiplexed population representations of task context in the mouse primary visual cortex
Sensory cortex has been primarily shown to represent environmental stimuli. Here, the authors find that the geometry of visual cortical activity permits the parallel representation of stimuli and task context in a format that prevents interference.
- Márton Albert Hajnal
- , Duy Tran
- & Gergő Orbán
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| Open AccessLarge-scale recording of neuronal activity in freely-moving mice at cellular resolution
Single-cell resolution recording from behaving mice requires either head fixation or attachment of a miniaturized device which may alter behavior. Here, the authors present a new recording method without mechanical restrictions on mouse movement.
- Aniruddha Das
- , Sarah Holden
- & Hod Dana
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| Open AccessFeedforward attentional selection in sensory cortex
How salient objects in our environment grab our attention has been a matter of debate for decades. Here, the authors demonstrate that salient objects automatically capture attention, but cognitive effort can affect their potency.
- Jacob A. Westerberg
- , Jeffrey D. Schall
- & Alexander Maier
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| Open AccessA sign-inverted receptive field of inhibitory interneurons provides a pathway for ON-OFF interactions in the retina
In the retina, visual information is segregated into ON (light increment) and OFF (light decrement) streams. Here, the authors identify a sign-inverting amacrine cell with an inhibitory ON center – excitatory OFF surround receptive field.
- Andrew Jo
- , Sercan Deniz
- & Yongling Zhu
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| Open AccessHigh-dimensional topographic organization of visual features in the primate temporal lobe
The functional organisation of the inferotemporal cortex is not well understood. Here, the authors construct a multi-dimensional space of visual features using deep neural networks, and show the spatial organisation of feature preference in both human and monkey inferotemporal cortex.
- Mengna Yao
- , Bincheng Wen
- & Le Chang
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Article
| Open AccessSingle neuron responses underlying face recognition in the human midfusiform face-selective cortex
Face selectivity in the human brain has mainly been assessed with neuroimaging methods. Here, the authors perform single-neuron recordings in the human midfusiform gyrus, finding a higher number of neurons responding to faces than to places.
- Rodrigo Quian Quiroga
- , Marta Boscaglia
- & Bruno Rossion
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| Open AccessThe tectonic complex regulates membrane protein composition in the photoreceptor cilium
The photoreceptor cilium contains an exclusive group of proteins responsible for capturing light and eliciting a visual response. Here, the authors show that the tectonic complex plays a role in the barrier that prevents unsolicited protein entry into the cilium.
- Hanh M. Truong
- , Kevin O. Cruz-Colón
- & Jillian N. Pearring
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| Open AccessEndogenous fluctuations in cortical state selectively enhance different modes of sensory processing in human temporal lobe
Task performance is known to vary with cortical state. Here, the authors use electrical recordings in human temporal lobe to show that the same cortical state can both facilitate and suppress performance in a task-dependent manner.
- Arun Parajuli
- , Diego Gutnisky
- & Valentin Dragoi
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| Open AccessNeural tuning instantiates prior expectations in the human visual system
Perception is often modelled using a Bayesian framework, but its neural instantiation remains unclear. Using a novel modelling approach, the authors reveal an empirical encoding scheme for visual orientation sufficient for optimal inference.
- William J. Harrison
- , Paul M. Bays
- & Reuben Rideaux
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Article
| Open AccessBirds multiplex spectral and temporal visual information via retinal On- and Off-channels
In mammals, the retina splits visual information into functionally opposite signals, but if this applies to birds is not known. Here, the authors show a different retinal functional organization in poultry chicks, where spectral and temporal information is multiplexed.
- Marvin Seifert
- , Paul A. Roberts
- & Tom Baden
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Article
| Open AccessA circuit suppressing retinal drive to the optokinetic system during fast image motion
The optokinetic reflex assists image-stabilization in visual systems. Here the authors show that the slow speed preference of ON direction-selective ganglion cells, triggering optokinetic nystagmus, relies on inhibition from VGluT3 amacrine cells.
- Adam Mani
- , Xinzhu Yang
- & David M. Berson
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Article
| Open AccessDynamic light filtering over dermal opsin as a sensory feedback system in fish color change
Despite its prevalence, the function of dermal photoreception in color-changing animals remains poorly understood. Here, the authors describe an optical mechanism in hogfish skin, suggesting that one function is to obtain sensory feedback about color change performance.
- Lorian E. Schweikert
- , Laura E. Bagge
- & Sönke Johnsen
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Article
| Open AccessSpatial organization of the mouse retina at single cell resolution by MERFISH
Many molecularly classified retinal cell types lack spatial information. Here, authors used MERFISH to create a spatial atlas of the mouse retina, leveraging co-embedding with scRNA-seq to explore spatially dependent gene expression in retinal cell subtypes.
- Jongsu Choi
- , Jin Li
- & Rui Chen
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| Open AccessSubtle adversarial image manipulations influence both human and machine perception
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are vulnerable to subtle adversarial perturbations that yield misclassification errors. Here, behavioral studies demonstrate that adversarial perturbations that fool ANNs similarly bias human choice.
- Vijay Veerabadran
- , Josh Goldman
- & Gamaleldin F. Elsayed
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Article
| Open AccessStimulus edges induce orientation tuning in superior colliculus
Whether orientation columns exist in the mouse superior colliculus remains unknown. Here, the authors found that orientation columns are dynamically induced by stimulus edge and the resulting stimulus-dependent tuning is associated with saliency encoding.
- Yajie Liang
- , Rongwen Lu
- & Na Ji
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Article
| Open AccessPinging the brain to reveal the hidden attentional priority map using encephalography
Past experience with environmental regularities can influence attentional priority. Here the authors show that when observers have learned to expect information in certain locations during a visual search task, such otherwise hidden attentional biases can be visualized through neural responses evoked by the presentation of sudden task-irrelevant visual input (‘pings’).
- Dock H. Duncan
- , Dirk van Moorselaar
- & Jan Theeuwes