Mechanisms of Disease: 
-adrenergic receptors—alterations in signal transduction and pharmacogenomics in heart failure
David S Feldman*, Cynthia A Carnes, William T Abraham and Michael R Bristow
Correspondence *Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Suite 200, 473 West 12th Avenue, Division of Cardiology/Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Email feldman-1@medctr.osu.edu
Alterations in 
-adrenergic-receptor signal transduction play a major part in the development of heart failure. Although pharmacologic and device-based therapy can lessen morbidity and mortality, better understanding of these mechanisms should improve outcomes. Much of the current understanding of -adrenergic signaling pathways and polymorphisms is summarized in this review.
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