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Nature 452, 297-298 (20 March 2008) | doi:10.1038/452297a; Published online 19 March 2008

Human behaviour: Punisher pays

Manfred Milinski1 & Bettina Rockenbach2

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The tendency of humans to punish perceived free-loaders, even at a cost to themselves, is an evolutionary puzzle: punishers perish, and those who benefit the most are those who have never punished at all.

Humans are champions of cooperation. Reciprocity — the idea that, if I help you this time, you'll help me next time1 — is a secret of our success.