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Subslab ultra low velocity anomaly uncovered by and facilitating the largest deep earthquake
A small ultralow velocity anomaly has been identified between the Pacific subduction and upper-lower mantle boundary. This anomaly implies significant buoyancy, which may bring the slab easier to develop into a M8+ deep earthquake.
- Weiwen Chen
- , Shengji Wei
- & Weitao Wang
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Article
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Crustal permeability generated through microearthquakes is constrained by seismic moment
Crustal permeability evolution predicted from observed MEQs using Bi-LSTM models. MEQ-to-permeability relations confirmed across multiple field data sets using transfer learning with scaling relationships confirmed using physics-based models.
- Pengliang Yu
- , Ankur Mali
- & Derek Elsworth
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Article
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Full-waveform tomography reveals iron spin crossover in Earth’s lower mantle
This study reveals that in the Earth’s mid-mantle, ferropericlase (the second most abundant mineral) undergoes a major electronic reconfiguration. At the base of the mantle, an enrichment in silica may represent a crystallised ancient magma ocean.
- Laura Cobden
- , Jingyi Zhuang
- & Jeroen Tromp
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Earthquake forecasting from paleoseismic records
There is no universal model for large earthquake recurrence, and an ensemble forecasting approach is desirable when dealing with paleoseismic records with few data points and large measurement errors.
- Ting Wang
- , Jonathan D. Griffin
- & Jie Kang
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Change of deep subduction seismicity after a large megathrust earthquake
In this study, the authors analyze the spatio-temporal variations of the seismicity in Japan due to the Tohoku-Oki earthquake. They show that a megathrust earthquake can affect the stress state of the slab over large lateral and depth ranges.
- Blandine Gardonio
- , David Marsan
- & Alexandre Schubnel
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How frictional slip evolves
Conventionally, a continuous motion or “dynamic friction” is expected to take place after the initial rupture under friction. Here, the authors perform direct measurement of real contact and slip at the frictional interface and show that the secondary rupture takes place after each initial rupture.
- Songlin Shi
- , Meng Wang
- & Jay Fineberg
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Seismic arrival-time picking on distributed acoustic sensing data using semi-supervised learning
In this study, the authors develop a semi-supervised approach to train a deep learning model, PhaseNet-DAS, for identifying seismic phases in Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) data, which enables detecting and locating earthquakes using fiber-optic networks.
- Weiqiang Zhu
- , Ettore Biondi
- & Zhongwen Zhan
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Inner core static tilt inferred from intradecadal oscillation in the Earth’s rotation
A static tilt of some 0.17° between the rotation axes of the solid inner core and the mantle is inferred from the observed approximate 8.5 year periodic inner core wobble in both polar motion and length-of-day variations of the Earth’s rotation.
- Yachong An
- , Hao Ding
- & Weiping Jiang
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Reconciling patterns of long-term topographic growth with coseismic uplift by synchronous duplex thrusting
Deciphering the relationship between prolonged topographic growth and temporary earthquake uplift is challenging due to the mismatch in their deformation patterns. Zhang et al. introduce a novel model to address this highly hotly-debated discrepancy.
- Yuqing Zhang
- , Hanlin Chen
- & Xiu Hu
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Months-long seismicity transients preceding the 2023 MW 7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake, Türkiye
Unique seismic transients since 2014 were detected during 8 months before the 2023 MW 7.8 Kahramanmaraş earthquake on the East Anatolian Fault. They are consistent with experiments and models of heterogeneous rupture affecting multiple fault segments.
- G. Kwiatek
- , P. Martínez-Garzón
- & M. Bohnhoff
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Increasing ocean wave energy observed in Earth’s seismic wavefield since the late 20th century
Ocean waves induce geographically extensive seafloor forces that excite a continuous and globally detectable seismic wavefield. This study infers global near-coastal average wave energy intensification at a rate of 0.27% per year since the late 1980’s, and 0.35% per year since January 2000.
- Richard C. Aster
- , Adam T. Ringler
- & Thomas A. Lee
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Ambient noise differential adjoint tomography reveals fluid-bearing rocks near active faults in Los Angeles
A new study enhances investigates in the groundwater (Silverado) aquifer in urban Los Angeles using a new method from earth’s ambient ground vibrations. The authors find slow S wave velocity corresponds to fluid-bearing rocks, some of which are near active faults.
- Xin Liu
- , Gregory C. Beroza
- & Hongyi Li
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Deterministic full-scenario analysis for maximum credible earthquake hazards
Deterministic numerical simulations are employed to study the maximum credible earthquake hazard for a specific fault. The method is then applied for seismic hazard analysis at the Xiluodu dam in China, and its potential for earthquake engineering is evaluated.
- Xiang-Chao Wang
- , Jin-Ting Wang
- & Chu-Han Zhang
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Small-scale layered structures at the inner core boundary
Seismologists discover locally laminated complex ICB structure beneath Asia with new dataset of pre-critical PKiKP waveforms, which might be explained by either a kilometer thick mushy zone, or the localized coexistence of bcc and hcp iron phase.
- Baolong Zhang
- , Sidao Ni
- & Zhongqing Wu
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Comment
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Seismic insights into Earth’s core
Seismological advances are presented and summarized to study the Earth’s core.
- Lauren Waszek
- , Jessica Irving
- & Hrvoje Tkalčić
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Drainage explains soil liquefaction beyond the earthquake near-field
Soil-liquefaction is a catastrophic seismic hazard, usually attributed to poor drainage. Here the authors show that liquefaction driven by fluid drainage explains puzzling triggering far from the earthquake source, where shaking is less energetic
- Shahar Ben-Zeev
- , Liran Goren
- & Einat Aharonov
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Upper-plate conduits linked to plate boundary that hosts slow earthquakes
Vertical fluid pathways in the upper plate of the Hyuga-nada subduction zone, Japan, facilitate upward fluid migration from the plate boundary that host slow earthquakes and produce seafloor mud volcanoes.
- Ryuta Arai
- , Seiichi Miura
- & Kyoko Okino
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Broad fault zones enable deep fluid transport and limit earthquake magnitudes
Geophysical data from Chain Transform Fault reveal that broad damage zones preferentially facilitate fluid transport that cools the mantle, increasing earthquake depths. Fluids weaken the fault and segment it, limiting earthquake magnitudes.
- Konstantinos Leptokaropoulos
- , Catherine A. Rychert
- & Satish C. Singh
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Complex multi-fault rupture and triggering during the 2023 earthquake doublet in southeastern Türkiye
Kinematic models for the two major earthquakes on February 6, 2023 along the East Anatolian Fault Zone reveal complex multi-fault rupture and the plausible triggering of the doublet aftershock by the first event. (*couldn’t find author-written summary)
- Chengli Liu
- , Thorne Lay
- & Ceyhun Erman
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An estimate of absolute shear-wave speed in the Earth’s inner core
Observations of seismic waves that traverse the Earth’s inner core as shear waves are critical to understand inner core properties. Here, the authors present several seismological observations of shear waves and estimate an absolute shear wave speed in the inner core.
- Thuany Costa de Lima
- , Thanh-Son Phạm
- & Hrvoje Tkalčić
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Earthquake focal mechanisms with distributed acoustic sensing
Determining earthquake faulting orientation is essential for understanding earthquake-stress interactions. Here, the authors present a technique that leverages telecom fiber optic cables to improve the estimation of this fundamental parameter.
- Jiaxuan Li
- , Weiqiang Zhu
- & Zhongwen Zhan
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Foreshock properties illuminate nucleation processes of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes
Laboratory experiments demonstrate that prior to fast laboratory earthquakes the fault begins to unlock and creep, causing foreshocks to coalesce in both space and time. This demonstrates that the evolution of foreshocks is closely connected to the fault slip velocity.
- David C. Bolton
- , Chris Marone
- & Daniel T. Trugman
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Mantle heterogeneity caused by trapped water in the Southwest Basin of the South China Sea
This study suggests that the observed shear-velocity reduction beneath the southern side of the Southwest Sub-basin (SWSB) of the South China Sea (SCS) may be due to the presence of 150–300 ppm of water and 5–10% of lower continental crust.
- Jinyu Tian
- , Zhitu Ma
- & Laiyin Guo
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Southern Tibetan rifting since late Miocene enabled by basal shear of the underthrusting Indian lithosphere
This study presents constraints on seismic anisotropy properties in western-central Tibet, revealing pronounced north-directed basal shearing beneath the rifts in the southern plateau that sheds light on the cause of syncontractional extension there.
- Bingfeng Zhang
- , Xuewei Bao
- & Wencai Yang
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Article
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Revised Minoan eruption volume as benchmark for large volcanic eruptions
The authors use seismic and sedimentology data to estimate the volume of the Minoan eruption. The results show that the Plinian phase contributed most to the distal tephra fall, and that the pyroclastic flow volume is significantly smaller than previously assumed.
- Jens Karstens
- , Jonas Preine
- & Christian Berndt
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River thorium concentrations can record bedrock fracture processes including some triggered by distant seismic events
Daily measurements of the river concentration of the ultra-trace element thorium (Th) can provide a novel signature of bedrock fracture processes
- Benjamin Gilbert
- , Sergio Carrero
- & Kenneth H. Williams
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Dueling dynamics of low-angle normal fault rupture with splay faulting and off-fault damage
Tectonic plates slide past each other along faults in the Earth’s crust. Here, the authors develop physics-based computer simulations of these earthquakes to study how, where and by which processes the crust moves during such events.
- J. Biemiller
- , A.-A. Gabriel
- & T. Ulrich
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Seismic magnitude clustering is prevalent in field and laboratory catalogs
Clustering of earthquake magnitudes is actively debated. Here, the authors show statistically significant magnitude clustering present in many different field and laboratory catalogs at a wide range of spatial scales (mm to 1000 km).
- Q. Xiong
- , M. R. Brudzinski
- & J. C. Hampton
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Fast and slow intraplate ruptures during the 19 October 2020 magnitude 7.6 Shumagin earthquake
The 19 Oct 2020 MW 7.6 Shumagin earthquake involved unprecedented source complexity with two fast ruptures straddling the megathrust and strong tsunami excitation from a long-duration upper plate thrust rupture undetected by seismic and geodetic data.
- Yefei Bai
- , Chengli Liu
- & Yoshiki Yamazaki
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Seismic evidence for a 1000 km mantle discontinuity under the Pacific
This study uses reverse-time migration full-waveform seismic imaging to reveal a thinned transition zone and a 1000-km mid-mantle discontinuity under the Pacific near Hawaii which they link to the upper boundary of upwelling plume material.
- Zhendong Zhang
- , Jessica C. E. Irving
- & Tariq Alkhalifah
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2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake slip distribution controlled by fault geometry inherited from Independence dike swarm
Faults responsible for the 2019 M7.1 Ridgecrest, California earthquake likely evolved through reactivation of pre-existing Independence dike swarm structures. The inherited rupture geometry strongly controlled the earthquake slip distribution.
- Johanna M. Nevitt
- , Benjamin A. Brooks
- & Brad T. Aagaard
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Coseismic fault sealing and fluid pressurization during earthquakes
This paper presents experimental evidence of thermal pressurization (TP) weakening of seismic faults, and suggests TP processes could be significantly promoted by wear-induced sealing during earthquakes even for relatively permeable faults.
- Lu Yao
- , Shengli Ma
- & Giulio Di Toro
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Next-generation seismic model of the Australian crust from synchronous and asynchronous ambient noise imaging
This study constructs a new high-resolution 3D shear velocity model of the Australian continent using an extensive seismic dataset and a new imaging workflow, revealing detailed crustal structures that shed light on undercover mineral exploration.
- Yunfeng Chen
- , Erdinc Saygin
- & Mike Sandiford
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Matters Arising
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Increase of P-wave velocity due to melt in the mantle at the Gakkel Ridge
- Zhiteng Yu
- & Satish C. Singh
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Matters Arising
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Reply to: Increase of P-wave velocity due to melt in the mantle at the Gakkel Ridge
- Ivan Koulakov
- , Vera Schlindwein
- & Aleksey Ivanov
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Microseismicity and lithosphere thickness at a nearly-amagmatic oceanic detachment fault system
Oceanic detachment faults play a central role in accommodating the plate divergence at mid-oceanic ridges. Here, the authors show micro-seismicity of a nearly-amagmatic flip-flop detachment fault system at the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge.
- Jie Chen
- , Wayne C. Crawford
- & Mathilde Cannat
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Magmatic plumbing and dynamic evolution of the 2021 La Palma eruption
In a new study, the authors use seismological methods to understand the eruption of La Palma 2021. Results suggest a preparatory phase of de-stabilisation of a mushy reservoir, and a co-eruptive phase with seismicity controlled by the drainage and interplay of two reservoirs.
- Carmen del Fresno
- , Simone Cesca
- & Carmen López
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Constraints on the martian crust away from the InSight landing site
The authors show that the Martian crust, ~4300 km from the InSight landing site, has a subsurface interface similar to that beneath the lander, suggesting it is a regional or global feature that may be related to the closure of pore spaces at depth.
- Jiaqi Li
- , Caroline Beghein
- & W. Bruce Banerdt
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Seismic multi-hazard and impact estimation via causal inference from satellite imagery
This study presents the first rapid seismic multi-hazard and impact estimation system integrating advanced causal inference and remote sensing techniques, which jointly estimates regional-scale and high-resolution maps of seismic multi-hazards and building damage from InSAR imageries.
- Susu Xu
- , Joshua Dimasaka
- & Hae Young Noh
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Triggering and recovery of earthquake accelerated landslides in Central Italy revealed by satellite radar observations
This study uses satellite radar observations to investigate the triggering and recovery mechanisms of landslides that are accelerated by earthquakes without immediate failures but showing a prolonged response.
- Chuang Song
- , Chen Yu
- & Jianbing Peng
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Integrated rupture mechanics for slow slip events and earthquakes
A new model elucidates the connections between silent earthquakes ("slow slip events") and regular ones by accounting for their finite rupture depth. It reconciles debated features of slow slip events and explains how they might lead to earthquakes.
- Huihui Weng
- & Jean-Paul Ampuero
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Creep fronts and complexity in laboratory earthquake sequences illuminate delayed earthquake triggering
Laboratory earthquake experiments reproduce delayed earthquake triggering, similar to aftershocks, as a result of propagating slow slip fronts. The speed of the fronts can be highly sensitive to fault stress levels left behind by previous earthquakes.
- Sara Beth L. Cebry
- , Chun-Yu Ke
- & Gregory C. McLaskey
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Seismic events miss important kinematically governed grain scale mechanisms during shear failure of porous rock
Sound and Vision: In-situ synchrotron x-ray imaging with simultaneous acoustic monitoring captures grain scale damage mechanisms and unlocks the relationship between seismic and aseismic processes during catastrophic failure of porous rock.
- Alexis Cartwright-Taylor
- , Maria-Daphne Mangriotis
- & Oxana V. Magdysyuk
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Hidden pressurized fluids prior to the 2014 phreatic eruption at Mt Ontake
Phreatic volcanic eruptions can be unexpected and devastating. Here the authors, using seismic-based methodologies, find that pressurized fluids accumulated 5 months before the deadly phreatic eruption at Mt Ontake; a period previously considered as completely quiescent.
- Corentin Caudron
- , Yosuke Aoki
- & Toshiko Terakawa
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Linking the scaling of tremor and slow slip near Parkfield, CA
Huang and Hawthorne present new evidence supporting that tremor and slow slip are linked by the same moment-duration scaling. First-order implications would include that tremor and slow slip are likely generated by the same fault zone process.
- Hui Huang
- & Jessica C. Hawthorne
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Rock and fault rheology explain differences between on fault and distributed seismicity
A new study sheds light on earthquake physics, showing that lithological and rheological heterogeneities in the rocks composing the seismogenic layer strongly influence seismicity distributions and earthquake scaling laws.
- C. Collettini
- , M. R. Barchi
- & E. Tinti
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Machine learning-based tsunami inundation prediction derived from offshore observations
One of the main challenges in the tsunami inundation prediction is related to the real-time computational efforts done under restrictive time constraints. Here the authors show that using machine learning-based model, we can achieve comparable accuracy to the physics-based model with ~99% computational cost reduction.
- Iyan E. Mulia
- , Naonori Ueda
- & Kenji Satake
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In situ X-ray and acoustic observations of deep seismic faulting upon phase transitions in olivine
This paper shows that formation of thin weak layers filled with nanocrystalline olivine/wadsleyite, upon the pressure-induced phase transition of olivine, is the major cause of deep-focus earthquakes on the metastable olivine wedge in deep slabs.
- Tomohiro Ohuchi
- , Yuji Higo
- & Tetsuo Irifune
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Juno spacecraft gravity measurements provide evidence for normal modes of Jupiter
Juno spacecraft experienced unknown accelerations near the closest approach to Jupiter. Here, the authors show that Jupiter’s axially symmetric, north-south asymmetric gravity field measured by Juno is perturbed by a time-variable component, associated to internal oscillations.
- Daniele Durante
- , Tristan Guillot
- & Scott J. Bolton
Landslide hazard cascades can trigger earthquakes