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The wheat stripe rust resistance gene YrNAM is Yr10
- Katherine Dibley
- , Matthias Jost
- & Peng Zhang
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Article
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An pair of an atypical NLR encoding genes confer Asian soybean rust resistance in soybean
Asian soybean rust (ASR) is a devastating disease of soybean. Here, the author report the identification of an atypical pair of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) encoding genes and how they function together to confer broad-spectrum resistance to ASR.
- Qingnan Hao
- , Hongli Yang
- & Xinan Zhou
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Article
| Open Access
A fungal core effector exploits the OsPUX8B.2–OsCDC48-6 module to suppress plant immunity
Plant ubiquitin regulatory domain-containing proteins (PUX) play vital roles in CDC48-mediated protein quality control processes. Here Shi et al. show that a conserved core Magnaporthe oryzae effector (MoNLE1) can specially target the rice PUX protein OsPUX8B.2 and interfere with host immune responses.
- Xuetao Shi
- , Xin Xie
- & Wende Liu
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Article
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Quantitative pathogenicity and host adaptation in a fungal plant pathogen revealed by whole-genome sequencing
The understanding of pathogenicity in quantitative plant pathosystems remains limited. This study reveals the genetic architecture of quantitative pathogenicity traits in a significant fungal plant pathogen, shedding light on potential evolutionary mechanisms involved in host adaptation.
- Reda Amezrou
- , Aurélie Ducasse
- & Thierry C. Marcel
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Article
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Nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae derivatives and its metabolites trigger the plant “cry for help” response to assemble disease suppressing and growth promoting rhizomicrobiome
Upon pathogen attack, plants can trigger the “cry for help” response and assemble beneficial rhizobacteria. Here, the authors use nonpathogenic Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 derivatives to elicit a similar “cry for help” response as the wild-type pathogenic DC3000 in Arabidopsis.
- Yunpeng Liu
- , Huihui Zhang
- & Ruifu Zhang
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Article
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Attenuation of phytofungal pathogenicity of Ascomycota by autophagy modulators
Woo et al. report new autophagy inhibitors identified through a high-throughput chemical screening using a BRET-based assay and an ATG8 synthetic sensor, that function as safe and effective fungicides against broad fungal pathogens.
- Jongchan Woo
- , Seungmee Jung
- & Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
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Article
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The synthetic NLR RGA5HMA5 requires multiple interfaces within and outside the integrated domain for effector recognition
An engineered sensor NLR RGA5HMA5 carrying multiple resurfaced interfaces was generated to confer complete resistance to the rice blast fungus strains expressing the non-corresponding effector AVR-PikD, paving a way to broaden the resistance spectra of NLRs.
- Xin Zhang
- , Yang Liu
- & You-Liang Peng
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Article
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Evolutionary trajectory of pattern recognition receptors in plants
Plant cell-surface receptors perceive both self- and nonself-molecules to regulate biological processes. Here the authors show that a subclass of phytohormone and immune receptors share a common origin, which have diverged to perceive distinct ligands and activate differential downstream responses.
- Bruno Pok Man Ngou
- , Michele Wyler
- & Ken Shirasu
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Article
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Predatory protists reduce bacteria wilt disease incidence in tomato plants
Soil organisms are affected by the presence of predatory protists. Here, the authors predatory protists are negatively associated with bacteria wilt disease incidence in tomato plants and that fertilisation enhances the abundance of predatory protists
- Sai Guo
- , Zixuan Jiao
- & Stefan Geisen
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Article
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Commensal lifestyle regulated by a negative feedback loop between Arabidopsis ROS and the bacterial T2SS
The plant immune output reactive oxygen species tames a detrimental bacterial commensal from native microbiota by suppressing a bacterial secretion system, allowing the co-existence and turning it into a beneficial bacterium to the host.
- Frederickson Entila
- , Xiaowei Han
- & Kenichi Tsuda
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Article
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Leafhopper salivary vitellogenin mediates virus transmission to plant phloem
A plant virus induces and hijacks vitellogenin (Vg) of insect vector into virus-induced exosomes for release together from salivary glands to plant phloem, where the Vg suppresses H2O2 burst, facilitating insect feeding and viral transmission.
- Yanfei Wang
- , Chengcong Lu
- & Qian Chen
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Article
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A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance
The plant apoplastic space is a critical battlefield in plant-microbe interactions. Here, the authors show that a positive regulator of plant immunity PIP1 recognizes pectate lysates secreted by oomycetes and elicits immunity via SERK3.
- Wen Li
- , Peng Li
- & Zide Jiang
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Article
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Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoSPAB1 directly activates rice Bsr-d1 expression to facilitate pathogenesis
Magnaporthe oryzae effector MoSPAB1 enters rice nuclei to bind to the promoter of the immunity-brake gene Bsr-d1 and activates its expression by competing with rice MYBS1, which constitute a conserved module that facilitates fungal pathogenesis.
- Ziwei Zhu
- , Jun Xiong
- & Weitao Li
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Article
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A papain-like cysteine protease-released small signal peptide confers wheat resistance to wheat yellow mosaic virus
Soil-borne wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) poses a serious threat to global wheat production. Here, the authors report that the nuclear inclusion protease-a produced by WYMV interacts with a small peptide catalyzed by TaRD21A protease activity to mediate WYMV resistance through activating MAPK signaling pathway.
- Peng Liu
- , Chaonan Shi
- & Jian Yang
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Article
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H3.1K27me1 loss confers Arabidopsis resistance to Geminivirus by sequestering DNA repair proteins onto host genome
Geminiviruses hijack the host DNA repairing proteins for their amplification. The authors report that Arabidopsis loses H3.1K27me1, a protector of genome stability, but gains resistance to geminivirus infection via retaining key factors like RAD51.
- Zhen Wang
- , Claudia M. Castillo-González
- & Xiuren Zhang
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Article
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N-hydroxypipecolic acid triggers systemic acquired resistance through extracellular NAD(P)
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a plant immune response triggered by mobile signals generated at the primary infection site. Here the authors show that one such mobile signal, N-hydroxypipecolic acid, can trigger production of eNAD(P) that activates SAR through the LecRK-VI.2 receptor.
- Qi Li
- , Mingxi Zhou
- & Zhonglin Mou
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Article
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A transcriptional activator effector of Ustilago maydis regulates hyperplasia in maize during pathogen-induced tumor formation
Ustilago maydis causes tumor on maize seedlings. Here we show that U. maydis secrets the transcriptional activator effector Sts2 to induce leaf developmental regulators which activate the bundle sheath cell division for tumor formation.
- Weiliang Zuo
- , Jasper R. L. Depotter
- & Gunther Doehlemann
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Article
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Defense against phytopathogens relies on efficient antimicrobial protein secretion mediated by the microtubule-binding protein TGNap1
Defining plant defense machinery against pathogens is significant in cell biology and crop yield. TGNap1, a TGN and microtubule-binding protein, is required for defense and efficient anti-microbial protein secretion, linking secretion and cytoskeleton.
- Deepak D. Bhandari
- , Dae Kwan Ko
- & Federica Brandizzi
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Article
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AlphaFold-Multimer predicts cross-kingdom interactions at the plant-pathogen interface
AlphaFold-Multimer was used to screen of 1,879 small secreted proteins from plant pathogens to be inhibitors of six tomato defense enzymes. Four of these inhibit subtilase P69B, showing the use of AI to predict cross-kingdom protein interactions.
- Felix Homma
- , Jie Huang
- & Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
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Article
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A global-temporal analysis on Phytophthora sojae resistance-gene efficacy
Rps genes are used to manage the major soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae, which causes Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR). Here, the authors show that widely used Rps genes are no longer effective for managing PRR in the United States, Canada and Argentina.
- Austin G. McCoy
- , Richard R. Belanger
- & Martin I. Chilvers
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Article
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NET4 and RabG3 link actin to the tonoplast and facilitate cytoskeletal remodelling during stomatal immunity
Protein tethers can bridge the actin cytoskeleton with cellular membranes. Here, the authors show that two members of the NETWORKED family, NET4A and NET4B, tether actin filaments and the tonoplast through interaction with RABG3b and are essential for actin reorganization during stomatal closure in plant immunity.
- Timothy J. Hawkins
- , Michaela Kopischke
- & Silke Robatzek
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Article
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Ustilago maydis PR-1-like protein has evolved two distinct domains for dual virulence activities
Plant PR-1 proteins participate in defense responses against pathogens. Here, the authors show that PR-1-like proteins from the plant pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis are important for virulence by detecting plant-derived phenolics and modulating plant PR-1-mediated defenses.
- Yu-Han Lin
- , Meng-Yun Xu
- & Lay-Sun Ma
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Article
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Plant immunity suppression by an exo-β-1,3-glucanase and an elongation factor 1α of the rice blast fungus
Fungal cell walls release β-1,3-glucan fragments that trigger plant immunity. Here, the authors show that a glucanase (Ebg1) of the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae suppresses plant immunity by hydrolyzing β-1,3-glucan. At the same time, Ebg1 induces plant immune responses that are dampened by a fungal protein that interacts with Ebg1.
- Hang Liu
- , Xunli Lu
- & You-Liang Peng
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Article
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A fungal sesquiterpene biosynthesis gene cluster critical for mutualist-pathogen transition in Colletotrichum tofieldiae
Plant-associated fungi range from pathogens to mutualists. Here the authors identify a gene cluster in a Colletotrichum tofieldiae strain that is required to allow the fungus to transition from a mutualist to a pathogen depending on the nutritional status of the host.
- Kei Hiruma
- , Seishiro Aoki
- & Yusuke Saijo
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Article
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Divergent sequences of tetraspanins enable plants to specifically recognize microbe-derived extracellular vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important in plant-microbe interactions. Here we show that the divergent sequences within tetraspanins localized at EV membranes enable plant innate immune system to distinguish between self and non-self EVs.
- Jinyi Zhu
- , Qian Qiao
- & Yuanchao Wang
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Article
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XCP1 cleaves Pathogenesis-related protein 1 into CAPE9 for systemic immunity in Arabidopsis
The protein PR1 is crucial for plant immunity but has unclear bioactivity. Here PR1 is shown to release a phytocytokine CAPE and trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) via a caspase-like enzyme specific for CAPE production (ESCAPE).
- Ying-Lan Chen
- , Fan-Wei Lin
- & Yet-Ran Chen
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Article
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BIK1 protein homeostasis is maintained by the interplay of different ubiquitin ligases in immune signaling
The cytoplasmic kinase BIK1 plays a central role in immune signaling and its protein homeostasis is maintained by the interplay of the ubiquitin ligases RGLG1/2 and PUB25 - RGLG1/2 suppress PUB25-mediated BIK1 protein degradation.
- Jiaojiao Bai
- , Yuanyuan Zhou
- & Dongping Lu
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Article
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A Phytophthora receptor-like kinase regulates oospore development and can activate pattern-triggered plant immunity
LRR-RLKs are also widespread in plants and oomycete pathogens. Here, the authors report that an LRR-RLK from Phytophthora sojae can activate pattern-triggered immunity in host soybean and nonhost tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
- Yong Pei
- , Peiyun Ji
- & Daolong Dou
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Article
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Fungal small RNAs ride in extracellular vesicles to enter plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea can send sRNAs to plant cells to suppress plant immunity. Here the authors demonstrate that B. cinerea utilizes extracellular vesicles (EVs) to secrete Bc-sRNAs, which are then internalized by plant cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME).
- Baoye He
- , Huan Wang
- & Hailing Jin
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Article
| Open Access
Precise in-field molecular diagnostics of crop diseases by smartphone-based mutation-resolved pathogenic RNA analysis
On-site crop disease diagnostics is critical for precise application of pesticides. Here, the authors report an in-field molecular diagnostic tool for wheat pathogens using a nucleic acid amplification-free, gene mutation-resolved and smartphone-integrated genetic assay.
- Ting Zhang
- , Qingdong Zeng
- & Ruijie Deng
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Article
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Symbiont-host interactome mapping reveals effector-targeted modulation of hormone networks and activation of growth promotion
Pathogens secrete effectors to promote disease, symbionts might use them to confer benefits. Here, the authors identify 106 candidate effectors from the symbiont Serendipita indica, characterise their interactions, and reveal their roles in regulating phytohormone signalling and promoting growth.
- Rory Osborne
- , Laura Rehneke
- & Patrick Schäfer
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Article
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Inhibition of chitin deacetylases to attenuate plant fungal diseases
Phytopathogenic fungi secrete chitin deacetylase (CDA) to escape the host’s immunological defense during infection. Here, the authors reveal the common structural features of phytopathogenic fungal CDAs, and identify CDA inhibitors that are promising to control plant diseases.
- Lin Liu
- , Yeqiang Xia
- & Qing Yang
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Article
| Open Access
A selective autophagy receptor VISP1 induces symptom recovery by targeting viral silencing suppressors
Symptom recovery is induced by a balanced “arms race” between viruses and plants. Here, the authors show that a small peptide mediates autophagic degradation of viral silencing suppressors to reach the balance of virus pathogenicity and plant immunity.
- Xin Tong
- , Jia-Jia Zhao
- & Xian-Bing Wang
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Article
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Convergent evolution of plant pattern recognition receptors sensing cysteine-rich patterns from three microbial kingdoms
Plants have evolved pattern-recognition receptors to perceive pathogens. Here, the authors demonstrate that microbial small cysteine-rich proteins are eminent immune targets that led to convergent evolution of distinct immune receptors in plants.
- Yuankun Yang
- , Christina E. Steidele
- & Andrea A. Gust
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Article
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A plant RNA virus inhibits NPR1 sumoylation and subverts NPR1-mediated plant immunity
Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway restricts the compatible infection of potyviruses. Here, Liu et al. show that potyviral NIb interacts with NPR1, the SA receptor in plants, preventing its sumoylation by SUMO3 and subsequent phosphorylation at Ser11/Ser15. This way, NPR1-mediated immunity is suppressed to promote virus infection.
- Jiahui Liu
- , Xiaoyun Wu
- & Xiaofei Cheng
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Article
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MG1 interacts with a protease inhibitor and confers resistance to rice root-knot nematode
Rice root-knot nematode is a major threat to rice production. Here, the authors identify an R gene MG1 in rice that confers resistance against nematodes and encodes a protein that interacts with a protease inhibitor.
- Xiaomin Wang
- , Rui Cheng
- & Xiaoli Guo
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Article
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Different viral effectors suppress hormone-mediated antiviral immunity of rice coordinated by OsNPR1
Plant viruses have evolved various virulence strategies to overcome plant immunity. Here the authors show that distinct viral proteins repress JA-SA crosstalk by targeting rice NPR1 protein to facilitate viral infection
- Hehong Zhang
- , Fengmin Wang
- & Zongtao Sun
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Article
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Dynamic changes of the Prf/Pto tomato resistance complex following effector recognition
Both plant and animals utilize resistant proteins to recognise pathogens. In this work the authors illustrate how bacterial perception by a tomato resistant protein is communicated in order to protect plants against pathogens.
- Arsheed H. Sheikh
- , Iosif Zacharia
- & Vardis Ntoukakis
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Article
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Planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 contributes to manipulation of rice plant defenses
Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger plant immunity. Here, the authors show that the small brown planthopper salivary sheath protein LsSP1 binds to salivary sheath proteins and contributes to insect feeding by manipulating rice plant defenses.
- Hai-Jian Huang
- , Yi-Zhe Wang
- & Chuan-Xi Zhang
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Article
| Open Access
Light prevents pathogen-induced aqueous microenvironments via potentiation of salicylic acid signaling
Pseudomonas syringae alters plant abscisic acid signaling to close stomata and induce water accumulation in infected tissues. Light and salicylic acid counteract infection by promoting stomatal opening, depriving bacteria of an aqueous environment.
- Gaële Lajeunesse
- , Charles Roussin-Léveillée
- & Peter Moffett
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Article
| Open Access
Improving cassava bacterial blight resistance by editing the epigenome
Activating the expression of host susceptibility (S) genes is one of the strategies plant pathogens employed to promote infection of their host. Here, the authors show that targeted methylation at the TAL20 effector binding element of the cassava SWEET10a gene lead to resistance to Xanthomonas phaseoli.
- Kira M. Veley
- , Kiona Elliott
- & Rebecca S. Bart
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Article
| Open Access
Independently evolved viral effectors convergently suppress DELLA protein SLR1-mediated broad-spectrum antiviral immunity in rice
Plant viruses adopt diverse strategies to inhibit host antiviral defense. Here the authors show that multiple different effectors from various rice viruses interfere with host gibberellin signaling by targeting the DELLA protein SLR1.
- Lulu Li
- , Hehong Zhang
- & Zongtao Sun
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Article
| Open Access
A conserved enzyme of smut fungi facilitates cell-to-cell extension in the plant bundle sheath
Smut fungi secrete effector proteins that suppress host plant immunity. Here the authors show that the corn smut effector Erc1 has 1,3-β-glucanase activity and promotes virulence in maize leaves by attenuating β-glucan-induced defense responses.
- Bilal Ökmen
- , Elaine Jaeger
- & Gunther Doehlemann
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Article
| Open Access
The receptor kinase SRF3 coordinates iron-level and flagellin dependent defense and growth responses in plants
Iron homeostasis is known to influence plant immune signaling. Here the authors characterize SRF3, a receptor kinase that acts as a negative regulator of callose synthesis, that is required for root responses to iron deficiency and pathogen signals.
- Matthieu Pierre Platre
- , Santosh B. Satbhai
- & Wolfgang Busch
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Article
| Open Access
Mutations in DNA polymerase δ subunit 1 co-segregate with CMD2-type resistance to Cassava Mosaic Geminiviruses
Cassava mosaic disease is caused by geminiviruses and suppresses cassava yields throughout the tropics. Here, the authors show that mutations in MePOLD1, encoding DNA polymerase δ subunit 1, co-segregate with CMD2, the major source of genetic resistance for this disease.
- Yi-Wen Lim
- , Ben N. Mansfeld
- & Rebecca S. Bart
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Article
| Open Access
Cooperative regulation of PBI1 and MAPKs controls WRKY45 transcription factor in rice immunity
The U-box type ubiquitin ligase PUB44 positively regulates pattern-triggered immunity in rice. Here the authors identify a PUB44 substrate whose degradation is required for activation of the WRKY45 transcription factor upon immune elicitation.
- Kota Ichimaru
- , Koji Yamaguchi
- & Tsutomu Kawasaki
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Article
| Open Access
Agrobacterium expressing a type III secretion system delivers Pseudomonas effectors into plant cells to enhance transformation
Agrobacterium infection can cause defense responses in many plants, which leads to transformation recalcitrance. Here, the authors express type III secretion system in Agrobacterium to deliver effector proteins into plant cells to suppress host defense responses and thus enhance transformation in some plant species.
- Vidhyavathi Raman
- , Clemencia M. Rojas
- & Kirankumar S. Mysore
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Article
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The barley leaf rust resistance gene Rph3 encodes a predicted membrane protein and is induced upon infection by avirulent pathotypes of Puccinia hordei
Leaf rust is an economically significant disease of barley. Here the authors describe cloning of the barley Rph3 leaf rust resistance gene and reveal it encodes a predicted transmembrane protein that is expressed upon infection by Rph3-avirulent Puccinia hordei isolates.
- Hoan X. Dinh
- , Davinder Singh
- & Mohammad Pourkheirandish
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Article
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A fungal extracellular effector inactivates plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein
Plants produce polygalacuturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) to counteract cell wall degradation by pathogenic microbes. Here the authors show that Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a fungal pathogen that causes stem rot disease, secretes a PGIP-inactivating effector to diminish plant resistance.
- Wei Wei
- , Liangsheng Xu
- & Weidong Chen
Phytoalexin sakuranetin attenuates endocytosis and enhances resistance to rice blast