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Interleukins are cytokines produced and secreted mainly by CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Interleukins promote development and differentiation of natural killer cells, T and B lymphocytes and haematopoietic stem cells. Interleukins are involved in systemic inflammation and immune system modulation, so play important roles in fighting cancer, infectious disease and other diseases.
In graft rejection, Th17 promotes tertiary lymphoid tissue, neutrophilic infiltration and DSAs. The RORγt inverse agonist TF-S14 inhibits Th17 cytokines, antibody class switching and prolongs allograft survival in sensitized mice.
Dupilumab-associated head and neck dermatitis has been described in a subset of patients treated with the IL4R-blocker dupilumab. Here the authors characterise the immune cell composition and single-cell transcriptome in comparison with untreated forms of atopic dermatitis in a small cohort showing increases in IL-22-associated genes.
Faecal microbiome transplant has been shown to be able to reduce Clostridioides difficile infection. Here the authors show that an intestinal commensal protozoan reduces C. difficile infection by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and affecting arginine-ornithine metabolism.
Interleukin (IL)-22 is critical in ameliorating obesity-induced metabolic disorders; however, it is unclear where IL-22 acts to mediate these outcomes. Here, the authors show in tissue-specific IL-22 receptor knockout mice a key role of intestinal epithelium-specific IL-22RA1 signaling in regulating intestinal metabolism and alleviating obesity-associated disorders.
Granulosomes are novel complexes that feature an unexpected partnership between the tetraspanin CD63 and the inflammasome proteins NLRP3 and ASC. Granulosomes assemble on mast cell granules to propel them along microtubules to the plasma membrane for degranulation.
The alarmin IL-33 activates type 1 and type 2 immune cells via its receptor ST2 in a context-specific manner. We discovered a type 1 immunity-restricted promoter of the ST2-coding gene Il1rl1, which is located far upstream of the curated gene and is crucial for antiviral CD8+ cytotoxic T cell and CD4+ TH1 cell responses.
A monoclonal antibody targeting a peptide that replicates the proinflammatory properties of IL-17 has shown potent activity and an acceptable profile of adverse effects in pre-clinical studies.
