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Genetics Generation
Moderated by  Laura Rivard
Posted on: October 9, 2013
  |  
Posted By: Laura Rivard

Case Study in the Right NOT to Know

Aa Aa Aa

By Laura Rivard

Introduction

Advances in genetics are rapidly expanding the list of diseases and conditions that genetic tests are available for. Some of these conditions are trivial, like whether your earwax is “wet” or “dry”. Others are potentially life threatening but treatable, like breast cancer caused by a mutation in the gene BRCA1. Still others are fatal and have no cure, such as Huntington’s disease. The decision to pursue, or not pursue, genetic testing is very personal. Those that seek genetic testing cite numerous reasons, including, but not limited to, decisions about reproduction, plans for extra preventative medical screening, and “peace of mind”; for some, uncertainty is very disruptive. Those that intentionally avoid genetic testing also have compelling reasons. One of the most commonly given is that knowledge of an impending disease is so psychologically damaging that it will negatively impact the quality of life of an individual even before the disease sets in.

The first principle of biomedical ethics is respect for autonomy. This principle is a recognition of individual rights, and healthcare providers are directed to appreciate a patient’s free will. However, when genetic testing is involved, so is a family, since family members share genes. In some cases, one patient’s “right to know” may be in direct conflict with a family member’s “right NOT to know”. Physicians are stuck in the middle of this disagreement. Whose rights are supreme? When the condition in question is treatable, the principle of nonmaleficience (do no harm) would seem to favor “the right to know”. However, when the condition in question is not treatable, the best course of action is not clear.

Case Study

Bryce is a healthy 20-year-old male. However, he has a family history of ALS (Lou Gehrig’s disease). ALS, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons, the nerve cells that are responsible for movement. Early signs of ALS include muscle weakness, which progresses to complete loss of muscle function. In the end stages of ALS, patients lose the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe, leading to death. While most cases of ALS are sporadic, meaning they occur with no family history, 5-10% of cases are hereditary (familial). In these cases, the disease exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance. The age of onset for familial ALS varies dramatically between and within families, from the early 20s to mid 70s. The life expectancy for newly diagnosed individuals is 2-5 years, on average, and there is no cure. Bryce lost his maternal grandmother, as well as two uncles and one aunt on his mother’s side to ALS. Based on autosomal dominant inheritance, Bryce’s mother, who is 45-years-old, has a 50% chance of carrying one of the mutations that causes ALS. Therefore, Bryce has a 25% risk of ALS. Bryce wants to pursue genetic testing to find out if he carries the mutant gene. He is currently attending college but plans to dropout and travel the world if he learns the fatal disease lurks in his future. He wants to seek out philanthropic causes during his travels to make the most of his healthy years. His mother, Joan, does not want to know if she carries the mutation. She helped care for her mother and siblings through their illnesses and knows firsthand the horror of dying by ALS. She does not want to know if that is in her future. However, if Bryce tests positive for the mutation, then his mother carries it as well; the information Bryce seeks is precisely the information his mother is attempting to avoid. Whose wishes should be respected?

This is a tough case, and rational people will likely disagree. Please take our poll and leave a comment to explain your point of view.

Image credit to the U.S. National Library of Medicine (via NPR)


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From:  cypha brooklyn |  April 12, 2018
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From:  cypha brooklyn |  April 5, 2018
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From:  cypha brooklyn |  March 28, 2018
Community

Bryce has both a moral and legal a right to determine his status regarding ALS. Bryce's test results would be confidential. Whether or not he informs Joan of the results is his decision to make. He should respect Joan's wish not to be informed. Of course, if Bryce suddenly quits school and embarks on a trip around the world, Joan will infer the nature of the test results. It seems to me that this risk is unavoidable.

From:  gary jones |  October 15, 2013
Community

Right "not to know" is a tricky one. Really hard to untether family members who share large % of genetic material. Basically impossible to treat any of this in isolation. Seems like something that counselors can help more with than doctors, since there is no decision about testing itself that will not do harm.

From:  Ilona Miko |  October 14, 2013
Community

For this case, I considered the principle of do no harm/do good. I decided that Bryce could still live a good life without the information. Shouldn't we all be trying to live our "best life" whether or not we know it will be shortened by disease? However, Joan would almost certainly be harmed by receiving the information. But, for me, it wasn't an easy choice knowing that only one person's needs could be met.

From:  Laura Rivard |  October 14, 2013
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