Case Study in Genetic Testing for Sports Ability
By Olivia Schultz and Laura Rivard
Every four years, people around the world gather to watch the Olympics. We marvel at how skilled the gymnasts are or guess how many gold medals Michael Phelps will win. We cheer on the runners participating in events that have been around since the first Olympics. Running is the most natural sport since no special equipment is required, and any physically fit individual can do it. Therefore, it is striking that sprinting is dominated by a single group: individuals of West African descent. Out of the top 500 100-m sprinters, only two are of non-African decent; there are no Asians or even East Africans in this top tier (Entine, 2012). The most frequent explanation for this phenomenon has been environment and nurture ("These kids had to run to school when they were little", etc.). Scientists say otherwise. Most scientists and researchers agree that genetics plays some role in distinguishing those elite sprinters from the rest of the pack. Although many genes have been implicated in sports performance, the gene best studied for its role in running is called ACTN3. ACTN3 is expressed in glycolytic type-II muscle fibers, which are associated with fast, powerful contractions. There are two variants of this gene: R577R and R577X. Studies have suggested that elite athletes in power sports (such as sprinting) are more likely to have an RR genotype, while elite endurance athletes are more likely to be XX. However, the results have been mixed depending on what population is being studied, for example African vs. Australian vs. European. The findings are particularly murky for studies done on athlete populations that are not considered elite (i.e. they don't compete at the international level). Even studies that show a positive association with power sports and an RR genotype or endurance sports and an XX genotype acknowledge the ACTN3 gene makes only a modest contribution to elite athleticism.
Although a scientific understanding of ACTN3 genotypes and sports performance is still in progress, companies have been trying to capitalize on the association for years. For example, Atlas Sports Genetics offers ACTN3 genetic testing for under $200. The test is being marketed to parents as a tool for making an informed decision when selecting the best sport for their child. The Atlas Sports Genetics website touts that the test "...gives parents and coaches early information on their child's genetic predisposition for success in team or individual speed/power or endurance sports". Without question, such companies are misrepresenting the science behind the test and overselling the importance of ACTN3 genotypes in sporting ability. These companies fall into a regulatory void, and it has been difficult for the federal government to intervene. An old adage applies to this new technology: buyer beware! However, it is likely that future genetic tests will be more accurate at predicting athletic ability. Such a test may be appealing to parents that want to make the best use of their child's free time given that many of today's children lead very busy lives. Is steering a child toward a sport he is likely to be good at much different than hiring a piano teacher for a musical child or a tutor to help accelerate a child gifted in math? Why not provide your child with an advantage if it is readily available?
Please take our poll and leave a comment explaining your views on genetic testing for sporting performance. We value your input!
References:
Entine, Jon. "What Makes a Great Olympian? Sometimes It's Genetics." The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 11 Aug. 2012. Web.
Nang, Yang, et. al. "ACTN3 Genotype Is Associated with Human Elite Athletic Performance." PMC: National Center for Biotechnology Information. US National Library of Medicine, 23 Sept. 2003. Web.
Image courtesy of tableatny (via Flickr)
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The value in genetic screening as I see it, does not lie in helping to direct and guide young children toward a specific sport. However, for an elite junior athlete who may be considering a sport as a profession, genes can help predict their capacity for success. For example, the estimated 2% difference that the habitability of ACTN3 makes on sprinting/power performance can make all the difference between an elite athlete and a very good recreational athlete.
Genetic information by no means precludes any individuals from anything, however can help indicate the likelihood of something.
Completely agree with you, Patrice. Having coached girls soccer, I know well that there is so much more to training young people in sports that can contribute to success, or diagnosing their strengths. Even elite Olympic athletes will tell you about the importance of mental state on performance, nevermind diligence and perserverence. What do the results of a test do for these behavioral components? Unsure of the value there.
Laura makes a great point about "overselling." From the summary here about ACTN3, there seems to no reason to think these variants have any predictive power for children. (Moderate predictive value for non-elites) As often happens, the hype over a single gene distracts from all variables that influence complex traits like athletic performance. Sure, it's interesting to think that variants in muscle cells could influence performance in endurance activity versus shorter sprinting, but do we need a genetic test to tell that? Er...watch the kids run and find that out!
I'll wait for tests to evolve into ones that report on multiple genes, each with partial predictive value for any trait, before putting too much stock in this kind of personalized testing.
I think that it makes perfect sense to ascertain if a child has a genetic predisposition to excel---or not do well---with respect to a particular sport. The child should, in my opinion, be informed that a passion for a sport with respect to which the child does not have a genetic advantage may nonetheless result in success.
I believe that the two alternatives presented are not exhaustive. It is likely that both a genetic disposition for success and a wil to succeed may be necessaryZPLCS to excel.
Genes are an important aspect but not the only aspect of how a child develops. Discovering what you love to do is a great joy. Testing a situation and then making a decision based on the resulting information is a life long skill. Learning how to deal with frustration in a safe situation like sports is a gift. Some of these life lessons are far less painful learned early in life.
