Spacial refuges.
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Spacial refuges.
Plants may reduce herbivory by growing in areas inaccessible to herbivores as represented in the figure above. The dashed red lines represent the area where a particular herbivore can reach a plant and feed. Refuge types shown here include (a) a geological refuge on top of a cliff or plateau, (b) a biotic refuge beneath plants capable of excluding or repelling the herbivore, and (c) spatial refuges occurring below or above the browse line for the herbivore.
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Every bite an herbivore takes comes at the expense of a plant. Are plants passive victims or do they actively resist these attacks?
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