Receptors that detect infection

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbes by binding to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Abbreviations: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), lipoproteins (LP), glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI). Other pattern-recognition receptors for pathogens have been identified, such as: transmembrane C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) which detect fungi; secreted receptors (collectins, ficolins, and pentaxins) which activate innate defenses involving complement and phagocytosis; cytosolic RIG-1-like receptors (RLRs) which detect viruses; and cytosolic nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) which detect pathogens and stress signals.