A pathway of protein phosphorylation transmits the signal that RFs are stalled during HU exposure. Protein kinases modify their targets by phosphorylation on specific amino acids, and this phosphorylation changes the activity, function, interactions, and often stability of the protein. In the case of HU-induced stalling, signals are transmitted from the top kinase to effector kinases. Effector kinases go on to promote RF stability during HU exposure and stall the cell cycle. The signaling path is functionally similar between yeast and metazoa. Here the different molecules involved are compared between species.
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