Food rewards and domatia.
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Food rewards and domatia.
The bullhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) uses indirect defenses to encourage predators to remain on the plant and attack visiting herbivores. These indirect defenses include (a) food rewards for foraging ants including EFNs (red arrow) located at the base of the leaves and food bodies (blue arrow) located on the tips of individual leaflets; and (b, c) domatia formed from hollow spines that provide shelter for ants (b: exterior view; c: interior view).
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Every bite an herbivore takes comes at the expense of a plant. Are plants passive victims or do they actively resist these attacks?
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