Original Article
Spinal Cord (2008) 46, 204–209; doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3102100; published online 10 July 2007
Postural responses during falling with rapid reach-and-grasp balance reaction in patients with motor complete paraplegia
K-H Lin1, T-W Lu2, P-P Hsu3, S-M Yu4 and W-S Liao5
- 1School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- 2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- 3Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, I-Shou University, Ta-Huu Hsiang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- 4Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- 5Department of Physical Therapy, I-Shou University, Ta-Huu Hsiang, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
Correspondence: Dr T-W Lu, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail: twlu@ntu.edu.tw
Received 17 October 2006; Revised 23 April 2007; Accepted 10 June 2007; Published online 10 July 2007.
Abstract
Study design:
Cross-sectional study.
Objectives:
To investigate the kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic (EMG) aspects of postural control during falling with rapid reach-and-grasp balance reaction in thoracic cord-injured individuals wearing knee-ankle-foot orthoses (KAFOs).
Setting:
Institutional Motion Analysis Laboratory.
Methods:
Seven T7–T12 cord-injured subjects with complete motor loss (ASIA classes A and B) participated in this study. Subjects with KAFOs first stood steady with a modified walker and then released their hold on the walker to maintain self-supported standing until falling with grasping. The center of pressure (COP), center of mass (COM) and joint angles were measured together with EMG of the triceps (TRI), T4 paraspinal and abdominal muscles.
Results:
After release of the walker, there was a rapid increase of COM–COP distance (that is, from 13.32
11.79 to 54.2924.56 mm), with COM in front of COP during a forward fall, which was associated with the increases of T4 muscle activities. After the reach-and-grasp reaction, COM moved behind COP, which was associated with the increase of ankle dorsiflexion and the TRI and abdominal muscle activities.
Conclusion:
The increase of upper back extensor muscle activity might not be enough to correct postural instability during unsupported stance in thoracic spinal cord injury with complete motor loss. The rapid reach-and-grasp reaction is an alternative compensatory mechanism to prevent falling to the ground.
Keywords:
center of pressure, center of mass, electromyography, spinal cord injury, fall, orthoses
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