Original Article

Spinal Cord (2006) 44, 152–159. doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101826; published online 6 September 2005

Upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using persons with a spinal cord injury

S van Drongelen1, S de Groot1,2, H E J Veeger1,3, E L D Angenot2, A J Dallmeijer4, M W M Post5,6 and L H V van der Woude1,2

  1. 1Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, The Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences (IFKB), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  2. 2Rehabilitation Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  3. 3Man-Machine Systems and Control group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
  4. 4Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  5. 5Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
  6. 6Rehabilitation Center De Hoogstraat, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Correspondence: LHV van der Woude, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, The Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences (IFKB), Vrije Universiteit, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Abstract

Study design:

 

Prospective cohort study.

Objectives:

 

To study upper extremity musculoskeletal pain during and after rehabilitation in wheelchair-using subjects with a spinal cord injury (SCI) and its relation with lesion characteristics, muscle strength and functional outcome.

Setting:

 

Eight rehabilitation centers with an SCI unit in the Netherlands.

Methods:

 

Using a questionnaire, number, frequency and seriousness of musculoskeletal pain complaints of the upper extremity were measured. A pain score for the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints was calculated by multiplying the seriousness by the frequency of pain complaints. An overall score was obtained by adding the scores of the three joints of both upper extremities. Muscle strength was determined by manual muscle testing. The motor score of the functional independence measure provided a functional outcome. All outcomes were obtained at four test occasions during and 1 year after rehabilitation.

Results:

 

Upper extremity pain and shoulder pain decreased over time (30%) during the latter part of in-patient rehabilitation (P<0.001). Subjects with tetraplegia (TP) showed more musculoskeletal pain than subjects with paraplegia (PP) (P<0.001). Upper extremity pain and shoulder pain were significantly inversely related to functional outcome (P<0.001). Muscle strength was significantly inversely related to shoulder pain (P<0.001). Musculoskeletal pain at the beginning of rehabilitation and BMI were strong predictors for pain 1 year after in-patient rehabilitation (P<0.001).

Conclusions:

 

Subjects with TP are at a higher risk for upper extremity musculoskeletal pain and for shoulder pain than subjects with PP. Higher muscle strength and higher functional outcome are related to fewer upper extremity complaints.

Keywords:

pain, upper extremity, shoulder, spinal cord injury, rehabilitation, prospective study

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