In a rat model of atherosclerosis-induced chronic bladder ischaemia, bladder overactivity could be improved by human amniotic-fluid-derived stem cell (hAFSC) treatment. Following arterial balloon endothelial injury of the common iliac artery, adult female rats received intravenous hAFSC treatment for 1, 3, or 7 days, or no treatment. In comparison with the nontreated group, bladder overactivity (consisting of decreased voided volumes and intercontraction intervals, and increased residual volumes), was improved at 8 weeks in the treated rats. The therapy might act via downregulation of oxidative stress and tumour necrosis factor expression.