Nature Reviews Neurology Nature Reviews Neurology provides physicians and academics with authoritative and topical discussions of key developments in the field. http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/current_issue/ Nature Publishing Group en © 2009 Nature Publishing Group Nature Reviews Neurology 1759-4758 1759-4766 © 2009 Nature Publishing Group permissions@nature.com Nature Reviews Neurology http://www.nature.com/includes/rj_globnavimages/nrneurol_logo.gif http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/ Prion disease: Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease epidemic looks increasingly unlikely in the UK http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.85 Prion disease: Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease epidemic looks increasingly unlikely in the UK

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 349 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.85

Author: Kathryn Senior

]]> Prion disease: Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease epidemic looks increasingly unlikely in the UK Kathryn Senior doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.85 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 349 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.85 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.85 5 7 Research Highlight 349 349 Dementia: Cholinesterase inhibitor use link with syncope http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.83 Dementia: Cholinesterase inhibitor use link with syncope

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 350 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.83

Author: Lisa Richards

]]> Dementia: Cholinesterase inhibitor use link with syncope Lisa Richards doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.83 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 350 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.83 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.83 5 7 Research Highlight 350 350 In brief http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.88 Brain imagingA study conducted at the University of Hawaii indicates that children with prenatal exposure to methamphetamine have a reduced apparent diffusion coefficient in the white matter of the brain. Cloak et al. performed diffusion tensor imaging on an MRI scanner on In brief

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 350 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.88

Brain imagingA study conducted at the University of Hawaii indicates that children with prenatal exposure to methamphetamine have a reduced apparent diffusion coefficient in the white matter of the brain. Cloak et al. performed diffusion tensor imaging on an MRI scanner on

]]> In brief doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.88 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 350 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.88 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.88 5 7 Research Highlight 350 350 Multiple sclerosis: Laminins control T-cell entry into the CNS http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.76 Multiple sclerosis: Laminins control T-cell entry into the CNS

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 351 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.76

Author: Kathryn Senior

]]> Multiple sclerosis: Laminins control T-cell entry into the CNS Kathryn Senior doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.76 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 351 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.76 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.76 5 7 Research Highlight 351 351 Neurodegenerative disease: Antisense targets faulty Huntington allele http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.77 Neurodegenerative disease: Antisense targets faulty Huntington allele

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 351 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.77

Author: Kathryn Senior

]]> Neurodegenerative disease: Antisense targets faulty Huntington allele Kathryn Senior doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.77 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 351 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.77 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.77 5 7 Research Highlight 351 351 Peripheral neuropathies: Less sweat, more neuropathy http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.78 Peripheral neuropathies: Less sweat, more neuropathy

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 352 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.78

Author: Kathryn Senior

]]> Peripheral neuropathies: Less sweat, more neuropathy Kathryn Senior doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.78 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 352 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.78 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.78 5 7 Research Highlight 352 352 Stroke: Patients on statins have better outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.86 Stroke: Patients on statins have better outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 352 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.86

Author: Kathryn Senior

]]> Stroke: Patients on statins have better outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage Kathryn Senior doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.86 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 352 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.86 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.86 5 7 Research Highlight 352 352 Altered motion perception in autism http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.87 Altered motion perception in autism

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 353 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.87

Author: Eleanor Beal

]]> Altered motion perception in autism Eleanor Beal doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.87 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 353 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.87 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.87 5 7 Research Highlight 353 353 Parkinson disease: New genetic risk factor for sporadic PD http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.79 Parkinson disease: New genetic risk factor for sporadic PD

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 354 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.79

Author: Kathryn Senior

]]> Parkinson disease: New genetic risk factor for sporadic PD Kathryn Senior doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.79 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 354 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.79 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.79 5 7 Research Highlight 354 354 Parkinson disease: Intrajejunal duodopa improves nonmotor symptoms http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.84 Parkinson disease: Intrajejunal duodopa improves nonmotor symptoms

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 354 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.84

Author: Lisa Richards

]]> Parkinson disease: Intrajejunal duodopa improves nonmotor symptoms Lisa Richards doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.84 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 354 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.84 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.84 5 7 Research Highlight 354 354 Milestone: Neurology's growth factor: 100 years of Rita Levi-Montalcini http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.91 On Wednesday 22 April 2009, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Prize laureate and discoverer of the first neural growth factor, turned 100 years old. Her scientific work drastically changed basic neuroscience and could have important implications for the treatment of neurological disorders. Milestone: Neurology's growth factor: 100 years of Rita Levi-Montalcini

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 355 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.91

Author: Jeroen J. G. Geurts

On Wednesday 22 April 2009, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Prize laureate and discoverer of the first neural growth factor, turned 100 years old. Her scientific work drastically changed basic neuroscience and could have important implications for the treatment of neurological disorders.

]]> Milestone: Neurology's growth factor: 100 years of Rita Levi-Montalcini Jeroen J. G. Geurts doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.91 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 355 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.91 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.91 5 7 News and Views 355 356 Epilepsy: Is localization-related epilepsy a progressive disorder? Maybe... http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.82 The issue of whether progressive brain injury occurs in pharmacoresistant epilepsy remains important and controversial. A combined longitudinal and cross-sectional MRI study, in which an automated method was used to measure cortical thickness, has demonstrated accelerated brain atrophy in patients with chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy: Is localization-related epilepsy a progressive disorder? Maybe...

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 356 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.82

Authors: Ruben Kuzniecky, Thomas Thesen & Orrin Devinsky

The issue of whether progressive brain injury occurs in pharmacoresistant epilepsy remains important and controversial. A combined longitudinal and cross-sectional MRI study, in which an automated method was used to measure cortical thickness, has demonstrated accelerated brain atrophy in patients with chronic epilepsy.

]]> Epilepsy: Is localization-related epilepsy a progressive disorder? Maybe... Ruben Kuzniecky Thomas Thesen Orrin Devinsky doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.82 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 356 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.82 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.82 5 7 News and Views 356 357 Dementia: What is behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.81 In an era of etiology-specific therapies, defining the criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia is essential. How do we determine whether bad manners, laziness, or unsolicited friendliness represents the earliest presentation of this condition? Diagnostic criteria are being actively evaluated to help establish a foundation for diagnostic decisions regarding this and other neurodegenerative diseases. Dementia: What is behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia?

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 358 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.81

Author: Murray Grossman

In an era of etiology-specific therapies, defining the criteria for behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia is essential. How do we determine whether bad manners, laziness, or unsolicited friendliness represents the earliest presentation of this condition? Diagnostic criteria are being actively evaluated to help establish a foundation for diagnostic decisions regarding this and other neurodegenerative diseases.

]]> Dementia: What is behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia? Murray Grossman doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.81 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 358 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.81 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.81 5 7 News and Views 358 359 Pain: Clinical pain assessment: from bedside to better treatment http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.93 Successfully treating chronic pain is challenging, as patients respond heterogeneously to analgesic treatments. Such variation in response can be attributed to differing underlying pain-generating mechanisms. A novel clinical bedside test that identifies distinct pain phenotypes might help deliver more-effective mechanism-based treatment strategies. Pain: Clinical pain assessment: from bedside to better treatment

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 359 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.93

Authors: Gunnar Wasner & Ralf Baron

Successfully treating chronic pain is challenging, as patients respond heterogeneously to analgesic treatments. Such variation in response can be attributed to differing underlying pain-generating mechanisms. A novel clinical bedside test that identifies distinct pain phenotypes might help deliver more-effective mechanism-based treatment strategies.

]]> Pain: Clinical pain assessment: from bedside to better treatment Gunnar Wasner Ralf Baron doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.93 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 359 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.93 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.93 5 7 News and Views 359 361 Alzheimer disease: Hippocampal volume loss and Alzheimer disease progression http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.94 The progression of Alzheimer disease might be monitored by measuring the rate of hippocampal volume loss by means of MRI. Research suggests that a reduction in hippocampal volume can be detected over a period as short as 6 months, and that such volume loss is associated with cognitive decline and other indicators of Alzheimer disease neuropathology. Alzheimer disease: Hippocampal volume loss and Alzheimer disease progression

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 361 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.94

Authors: Wiesje M. van der Flier & Philip Scheltens

The progression of Alzheimer disease might be monitored by measuring the rate of hippocampal volume loss by means of MRI. Research suggests that a reduction in hippocampal volume can be detected over a period as short as 6 months, and that such volume loss is associated with cognitive decline and other indicators of Alzheimer disease neuropathology.

]]> Alzheimer disease: Hippocampal volume loss and Alzheimer disease progression Wiesje M. van der Flier Philip Scheltens doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.94 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 361 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.94 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.94 5 7 News and Views 361 362 Management of new-onset epilepsy in the elderly http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.74 The incidence of new-onset epilepsy is high among elderly patients. Seizures can present differently to and with more subtle semiology than those in younger adults. This difference in presentation frequently poses a diagnostic challenge. Elderly patients also often have comorbidities, are usually on multiple medications Management of new-onset epilepsy in the elderly

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 363 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.74

Authors: Amir M. Arain & Bassel W. Abou-Khalil

The incidence of new-onset epilepsy is high among elderly patients. Seizures can present differently to and with more subtle semiology than those in younger adults. This difference in presentation frequently poses a diagnostic challenge. Elderly patients also often have comorbidities, are usually on multiple medications

]]> Management of new-onset epilepsy in the elderly Amir M. Arain Bassel W. Abou-Khalil doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.74 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 363 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.74 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.74 5 7 Review 363 371 Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.75 Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are major complications that occur in severely ill patients who require intensive care treatment. CIP and CIM affect the limb and respiratory muscles, and, as a consequence, they characteristically complicate weaning from the ventilator, increase the Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 372 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.75

Authors: Wolfgang Zink, Rainer Kollmar & Stefan Schwab

Critical illness polyneuropathy (CIP) and critical illness myopathy (CIM) are major complications that occur in severely ill patients who require intensive care treatment. CIP and CIM affect the limb and respiratory muscles, and, as a consequence, they characteristically complicate weaning from the ventilator, increase the

]]> Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy in the intensive care unit Wolfgang Zink Rainer Kollmar Stefan Schwab doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.75 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 372 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.75 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.75 5 7 Review 372 379 Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.80 Epileptogenesis is defined as the process of developing epilepsy—a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures—following an initial insult. Seizure incidence during the human lifespan is at its highest in infancy and childhood. Animal models of epilepsy and human tissue studies suggest that epileptogenesis involves a cascade Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 380 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.80

Authors: Sanjay N. Rakhade & Frances E. Jensen

Epileptogenesis is defined as the process of developing epilepsy—a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures—following an initial insult. Seizure incidence during the human lifespan is at its highest in infancy and childhood. Animal models of epilepsy and human tissue studies suggest that epileptogenesis involves a cascade

]]> Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms Sanjay N. Rakhade Frances E. Jensen doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.80 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 380 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.80 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.80 5 7 Review 380 391 Lumbar spinal stenosis: syndrome, diagnostics and treatment http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.90 Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) comprises narrowing of the spinal canal with subsequent neural compression, and is frequently associated with symptoms of neurogenic claudication. To establish a diagnosis of LSS, clinical history, physical examination results and radiological changes all need to be considered. Patients who exhibit Lumbar spinal stenosis: syndrome, diagnostics and treatment

Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 392 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.90

Authors: Eberhard Siebert, Harald Prüss, Randolf Klingebiel, Vieri Failli, Karl M. Einhäupl & Jan M. Schwab

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) comprises narrowing of the spinal canal with subsequent neural compression, and is frequently associated with symptoms of neurogenic claudication. To establish a diagnosis of LSS, clinical history, physical examination results and radiological changes all need to be considered. Patients who exhibit

]]> Lumbar spinal stenosis: syndrome, diagnostics and treatment Eberhard Siebert Harald Prüss Randolf Klingebiel Vieri Failli Karl M. Einhäupl Jan M. Schwab doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2009.90 Nature Reviews Neurology 5, 392 (2009) Nature Reviews Neurology 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.90 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2009.90 5 7 Review 392 403