TABLE 1  Clinical phases of acute kidney injury and types of biomarkers that are useful in each phase.

From the following article:

Technology Insight: biomarker development in acute kidney injury—what can we anticipate?

Bruce A Molitoris, Vyacheslav Y Melnikov, Mark D Okusa and Jonathan Himmelfarb

Nature Clinical Practice Nephrology (2008) 4, 154-165
doi:10.1038/ncpneph0723

Class of biomarker	Risk identification	Surveillance	Diagnosis	Prognosis
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GST, glutathione S-transferase; IL-18, interleukin 18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; NAG, N-acetyl--(D)-glucosaminidase; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NHE3, sodium hydrogen exchanger 3.
Clinical	Congestive heart failure Liver disease Diabetes mellitus CKD Sepsis	Blood pressure Urine output	Urine output	Renal replacement therapy
Functional	Serum creatinine GFR Renal blood flow	GFR Renal blood flow	Cystatin C Fractional excretion: sodium GFR Fractional excretion: urea	GFR
Structural	Proteinuria?	NAG NHE3	KIM-1 NHE3 NAG GST	KIM-1
Inflammatory	Reactive oxygen species? FGF23? C-reactive protein? Pentraxins?	NGAL IL-18	NGAL IL-18	–

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