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  • Review Article
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The use of lineage tracing to study kidney injury and regeneration

Nature Reviews Nephrology volume 11, pages 420–431 (2015)Cite this article

Subjects

Key Points

  • Lineage tracing involves labelling a single cell with a mark that is inherited by progeny cells; the number, cellular location, and differentiation status of the progeny can subsequently be determined

  • The type of promoter, switch, and reporter should be considered when designing a lineage tracing experiment; the induction time to study the specified end points must also be evaluated

  • The promoter should be specifically expressed by the cell type being studied and the expression pattern verified; definitive conclusions cannot be made when the marked cell type is unknown

  • Cre recombinase (Cre) is typically used as a switch to activate the transgene and allows transcription of the reporter to be turned on and off in a time-dependent manner

  • Inducible expression of Cre is preferable, as constitutive expression might mask transient target gene expression in other cell types or re-expression of the target gene at a later time point

  • Fluorescent reporters enable qualitative and quantitative analyses and live-cell imaging; multicolour reporters allow for evaluation of cell division, clonal analysis, and accurate genealogical descriptions of progenitor behaviour

Abstract

Lineage tracing is a powerful tool to track cells in vivo and provides enhanced spatial, temporal, and kinetic resolution of the mechanisms that underlie tissue renewal and repair. The data obtained from novel mouse models engineered for lineage tracing has started to transform our understanding of the changes in cell fate that underlie renal pathophysiology, the role of stem and/or progenitor cells in kidney development, and the mechanisms of kidney regeneration. The complexity of the genetic systems that are engineered for lineage tracing requires careful analysis and interpretation. In this Review we emphasize that close attention in lineage tracing studies must be paid to the specificity of the promoter, the use of drug-controlled activation of Cre recombinase as a genetic switch, and the type of reporter that should be engineered into lineage tracing genetic constructs. We evaluate the optimal experimental conditions required to achieve the pre-specified aims of the study and discuss the novel genetic techniques that are becoming available to study putative renal progenitor cells and the mechanisms of kidney regeneration.

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Figure 1: Oestrogen receptor-based lineage tracing system.
Figure 2: Tet-ON inducible system for lineage tracing.
Figure 3: Cre-mediated double fluorescent (mT/mG) reporter transgenic for lineage tracing in the kidney.
Figure 4: Cre-recombinase-mediated multicolour reporter transgenic line for lineage tracing and clonal analysis, as a genetic strategy to mark cells with multiple fluorescent proteins.
Figure 5: Clonal analysis of the renal epithelia.
Figure 6: CRISPR-based system for lineage tracing of genome-edited cells.

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Acknowledgements

P.R. has received funding from the European Research Council under the Consolidator Grant RENOIR (ERC-2014-CoG grant number 648,274) and from the European Community under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2012-2016), grant number 305,436. B.D. has received funding from the Israel Scientific Foundation Grant Award 910/11 and the NephroTools Marie Curie Program FP7.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education for the development of DE NOVO Therapies (DENOTHE), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence, 50139, Italy

    Paola Romagnani

  2. Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA

    Yuval Rinkevich

  3. Paediatric Stem Cell Research Institute & Division of Paediatric Nephrology, Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 52621, Israel

    Benjamin Dekel

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P.R. and B.D. researched data for the article. All authors provided substantial contributions to discussions of its content, wrote the article, and undertook review and/or editing of the manuscript before submission.

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Correspondence to Paola Romagnani or Benjamin Dekel.

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Competing interests

P.R. is listed on patents regarding renal progenitors that are owned by the Meyer Children's Hospital. B.D. is listed on patents regarding isolated populations of kidney stem cells that are owned by the Sheba Medical Centre. Y.R. declares no competing interests.

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Romagnani, P., Rinkevich, Y. & Dekel, B. The use of lineage tracing to study kidney injury and regeneration. Nat Rev Nephrol 11, 420–431 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.67

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