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Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8, 194–205 (1 March 2007) | doi:10.1038/nrn2056

Neuronal polarity: from extracellular signals to intracellular mechanisms

Nariko Arimura & Kozo Kaibuchi

After they are born and differentiate, neurons break their previous symmetry, dramatically change their shape, and establish two structurally and functionally distinct compartments — axons and dendrites — within one cell. How do neurons develop their morphologically and molecularly distinct compartments? Recent studies have implicated several signalling pathways evoked by extracellular signals as having essential roles in a number of aspects of neuronal polarization.