TABLE 1 | Molecular mediators of programmed cell death and programmed cell survival

Inhibition of programmed cell death and augmentation of programmed cell survival contribute to preconditioning-induced ischaemic tolerance. AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor; AP1, activator protein 1; ASK1, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1; BAD, BCL-associated death promoter; BAX, BCL2-associated protein X; BCL2, B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2; BCL-W, BCL2-like protein 2; BCL-X_L, BCL2-like protein 1; BID, BH3-interacting domain death agonist; BIM, BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; CREB, cyclic AMP responsive element-binding protein; DR, death receptor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FADD, Fas-associated protein with death domain; FasL, Fas ligand; FOXO, forkhead family of transcription factors; GCSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; IAP, inhibitor of apoptosis protein; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; JAK2, Janus tyrosine kinase 2; JNK, c-jun amino terminal kinase; MEF2, myocyte-enhancing factor 2; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MLK3, mixed lineage kinase 3; NF-B, nuclear factor-B; NGF, nerve growth factor; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; ORP150, oxygen-regulated protein 150; P₂Y₂, purinergic receptor P₂Y; p53, tumour suppressor p53; pAkt, phosphorylated Akt; PI3K, phosphotidyl inositol-3-phosphate; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase; PKC, isoform of protein kinase C; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator activator; Raf, small G-protein; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct IAP binding protein with low pI; SP1, specificity protein 1; SRF, serum response factor; STAT5, signal transducer and activator of transduction 5; TNF, tumour necrosis factor-; TRADD, TNF receptor-1-associated death domain protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; XIAP, X-linked IAP.