FIGURE 1 | An illustration of sex differences in the size of various human brain regions.

Goldstein et al.²⁰ measured the volume of 45 brain structures taken from MRI scans in a sample of male (n = 27) and female (n = 21) subjects. For both sexes, the size of each region was determined relative to volume of the cerebrum. As shown here, significant differences between the sexes were detected in widespread brain regions. The authors also found that the size of the sex differences were related to the presence of sex steroid receptors in homologous brain regions during critical developmental periods, as determined in animal studies, suggesting that sex differences in the adult stem from sex hormone influences on brain development. Data from Ref. 20.

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