FIGURE 4 | Hypothetical structure of the PD system.

The main part of the system that consists of protein kinases and protein phosphatases (the phosphorylation–dephosphorylation (PD) system) is enclosed in the box. Receptors, ions, second messengers and an as yet unidentified protein that is rapidly turned over — referred to here as PROX — are shown outside the box. AA, arachidonic acid; AMPAR, -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor; DAG, diacylglycerol; GS, G-substrate; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK, MAPK kinase; mGluR1, type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor; PKC, protein kinase C; PKG, protein kinase G; PLA₂, phospholipase A₂; PP2A, protein phosphatase 2A; PTK, protein tyrosine kinase.

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